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2. Cefalexin - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefalexin

   Cefalexin. Cefalexin, also spelled cephalexin, is an antibiotic that can treat a number of bacterial infections. [4] It kills gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria by disrupting the growth of the bacterial cell wall. [4] Cefalexin is a β-lactam antibiotic within the class of first-generation cephalosporins. [4]

3. Chronic kidney disease - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease

   1.2 million (2015) [ 6 ] Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a type of long-term kidney disease, in which either there is a gradual loss of kidney function occurs over a period of months to years, or abnormal kidney structure (with normal function). [ 2 ][ 5 ] Initially generally no symptoms are seen, but later symptoms may include leg swelling ...

4. Hypertensive kidney disease - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertensive_kidney_disease

   Hypertensive kidney disease is a medical condition referring to damage to the kidney due to chronic high blood pressure. It manifests as hypertensive nephrosclerosis (sclerosis referring to the stiffening of renal components). [2] It should be distinguished from renovascular hypertension, which is a form of secondary hypertension, and thus has ...

5. Renal physiology - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_physiology

   Renal physiology (Latin renes, "kidneys") is the study of the physiology of the kidney. This encompasses all functions of the kidney, including maintenance of acid-base balance; regulation of fluid balance; regulation of sodium, potassium, and other electrolytes; clearance of toxins; absorption of glucose, amino acids, and other small molecules ...

6. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsteroidal_anti...

   Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs[ 1 ][ 3 ] (NSAID) [ 1 ] are members of a therapeutic drug class which reduces pain, [ 4 ] decreases inflammation, decreases fever, [ 1 ] and prevents blood clots. Side effects depend on the specific drug, its dose and duration of use, but largely include an increased risk of gastrointestinal ulcers and ...

7. Assessment of kidney function - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assessment_of_kidney_function

   Blood tests are also used to assess kidney function. These include tests that are intended to directly measure the function of the kidneys, as well as tests that assess the function of the kidneys by looking for evidence of problems associated with abnormal function. One of the measures of kidney function is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

8. Management of hypertension - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_of_hypertension

   Hypertension is managed using lifestyle modification and antihypertensive medications. Hypertension is usually treated to achieve a blood pressure of below 140/90 mmHg to 160/100 mmHg. According to one 2003 review, reduction of the blood pressure by 5 mmHg can decrease the risk of stroke by 34% and of ischaemic heart disease by 21% and reduce ...

9. Renovascular hypertension - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renovascular_hypertension

   Renovascular hypertension is a condition in which high blood pressure is caused by the kidneys ' hormonal response to narrowing of the arteries supplying the kidneys. [ 1 ] When functioning properly this hormonal axis regulates blood pressure. Due to low local blood flow, the kidneys mistakenly increase blood pressure of the entire circulatory ...