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The phrase ipso nitration was first used by Perrin and Skinner in 1971, in an investigation into chloroanisole nitration. [17] In one protocol, 4-chloro-n-butylbenzene is reacted with sodium nitrite in t-butanol in the presence of 0.5 mol% Pd 2 (dba) 3, a biarylphosphine ligand and a phase-transfer catalyst to provide 4-nitro-n-butylbenzene. [18]
Nitrification is the biological oxidation of ammonia to nitrate via the intermediary nitrite. Nitrification is an important step in the nitrogen cycle in soil. The process of complete nitrification may occur through separate organisms [ 1 ] or entirely within one organism, as in comammox bacteria.
This nitration reaction is represented as follows: N 2 O 5 + Ar−H → HNO 3 + Ar−NO 2. where Ar represents an arene moiety. [22] The reactivity of the NO + 2 can be further enhanced with strong acids that generate the "super-electrophile" HNO 2+ 2. In this use, N 2 O 5 has been largely replaced by nitronium tetrafluoroborate [NO 2] + [BF 4 ...
The nitration product produced on the largest scale, by far, is nitrobenzene. Many explosives are produced by nitration including trinitrophenol (picric acid), trinitrotoluene (TNT), and trinitroresorcinol (styphnic acid). [3] Another but more specialized method for making aryl–NO 2 group starts from halogenated phenols, is the Zinke nitration.
Electrophilic aromatic substitution (SEAr) is an organic reaction in which an atom that is attached to an aromatic system (usually hydrogen) is replaced by an electrophile. Some of the most important electrophilic aromatic substitutions are aromatic nitration, aromatic halogenation, aromatic sulfonation, alkylation Friedel–Crafts reaction and ...
Nitrifying bacteria are chemolithotrophic organisms that include species of genera such as Nitrosomonas, Nitrosococcus, Nitrobacter, Nitrospina, Nitrospira and Nitrococcus. These bacteria get their energy from the oxidation of inorganic nitrogen compounds. [ 1 ] Types include ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB).
4-Nitrobiphenyl is an organic compound with the formula C 6 H 5 −C 6 H 4 NO 2. It is one of three isomers of nitrobiphenyl and probably the most widely used. It is a precursor to the antioxidant 4-aminobiphenyl. 4-Nitrobiphenyl is readily prepared by nitration of biphenyl. [1] It can also be prepared by cross-coupling reactions. [2]
Nitrosation and nitrosylation are two names for the process of converting organic compounds or metal complexes [ 1 ] into nitroso derivatives, i.e., compounds containing the R−NO functionality. The synonymy arises because the R-NO functionality can be interpreted two different ways, depending on the physico-chemical environment: