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Environmental impact of concrete. The environmental impact of concrete, its manufacture, and its applications, are complex, driven in part by direct impacts of construction and infrastructure, as well as by CO 2 emissions; between 4-8% of total global CO 2 emissions come from concrete. [ 1 ] Many depend on circumstances.
and for the reverse conversion: where: ppmv. = air pollutant concentration, in parts per million by volume. mg/m 3. = milligrams of pollutant per cubic meter of air. T {\displaystyle T} = atmospheric temperature in kelvins = 273.15 + °C. 0.08205.
Correcting concentrations for altitude. Air pollutant concentrations expressed as mass per unit volume of atmospheric air (e.g., mg/m 3, μg/m 3, etc.) at sea level will decrease with increasing altitude. The concentration decrease is directly proportional to the pressure decrease with increasing altitude.
The carbon footprint explained Comparison of the carbon footprint of protein-rich foods [1]. A formal definition of carbon footprint is as follows: "A measure of the total amount of carbon dioxide (CO 2) and methane (CH 4) emissions of a defined population, system or activity, considering all relevant sources, sinks and storage within the spatial and temporal boundary of the population, system ...
Concrete is a composite material composed of aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement that cures to a solid over time. Concrete is the second-most-used substance in the world after water, [ 1 ] and is the most widely used building material. [ 2 ] Its usage worldwide, ton for ton, is twice that of steel, wood, plastics, and aluminium combined.
An emission intensity (also carbon intensity or C.I.) is the emission rate of a given pollutant relative to the intensity of a specific activity, or an industrial production process; for example grams of carbon dioxide released per megajoule of energy produced, or the ratio of greenhouse gas emissions produced to gross domestic product (GDP).
Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general use around the world as a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco, and non-specialty grout. It was developed from other types of hydraulic lime in England in the early 19th century by Joseph Aspdin, and is usually made from limestone.
The Kaya identity is a mathematical identity stating that the total emission level of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide can be expressed as the product of four factors: human population, GDP per capita, energy intensity (per unit of GDP), and carbon intensity (emissions per unit of energy consumed). [ 1 ][ 2 ] It is a concrete form of the more ...