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Haemophilia (British English), or hemophilia (American English) [6] (from Ancient Greek αἷμα (haîma) 'blood' and φιλία (philía) 'love of'), [7] is a mostly inherited genetic disorder that impairs the body's ability to make blood clots, a process needed to stop bleeding.
The prevalence of Hemophilia B in the population is about one in 40,000; Hemophilia B represents about 15% of patients with hemophilia. [6] Many women carriers of the disease have no symptoms. [ 6 ] However, an estimated 10-25% of women carriers have mild symptoms; in rare cases, women may have moderate or severe symptoms.
Hemophilia, or haemophilia, is an X-linked recessive disorder that impairs the body's control over blood clotting. Haemophilia A and Haemophilia B arise from mutations in the genes for factor VIII and factor IX, respectively. [6] Females with this disease are almost exclusively unaffected, obligate carriers.
It occurs in males and in homozygous females (which is only possible in the daughters of a haemophilic male and a carrier or haemophiliac female [9]). However, mild haemophilia A is known to occur in heterozygous females due to X-inactivation , so it is recommended that levels of factor VIII and IX be measured in all known or potential carriers ...
Sex differences in medicine include sex-specific diseases or conditions which occur only in people of one sex due to underlying biological factors (for example, prostate cancer in males or uterine cancer in females); sex-related diseases, which are diseases that are more common to one sex (for example, breast cancer and systemic lupus erythematosus which occur predominantly in females); [1 ...
Haemophilia C (also known as plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA) deficiency or Rosenthal syndrome) is a mild form of haemophilia affecting both sexes, due to factor XI deficiency. [4]
A female will be affected with haemophilia proper only in the rare circumstance that she inherits mutated X chromosomes from both a haemophiliac father and a carrier or a haemophiliac mother. No case of such double inheritance is known among Queen Victoria's descendants, although there has been at least one symptomatic carrier.
In the ZW sex-determination system used by birds, the mammalian pattern is reversed, since the male is the homogametic sex (ZZ) and the female is heterogametic (ZW). In classical genetics, a mating experiment called a reciprocal cross is performed to test if an animal's trait is sex-linked.
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