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Pope Alexander VII (Italian: Alessandro VII; 13 February 1599 – 22 May 1667), born Fabio Chigi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 7 April 1655 to his death, in May 1667. [1] [2] He began his career as a vice-papal legate, and he held various diplomatic positions in the Holy See.
XII Apostoli (received the title on 15 March 1666), then cardinal-priest of S. Crisogono (1 December 1681), cardinal-priest of S. Maria in Trastevere (13 November 1684), cardinal-bishop of Sabina (28 February 1689), cardinal-bishop of Palestrina (8 August 1691), cardinal-bishop of Porto e S. Rufina (27 January 1698), † 29 June 1698
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Literally these phrases mean "only by your favor" and "both fatherland and heart". Testa explained to Pope John XXIII that the shield meant "I am a cardinal because of you alone", and the motto meant "because I am from Bergamo and a friend". [75] Pope Francis was the first pope to include the motto in his heraldic achievements. [76]
When Pope Clement VII assigned this palace as the perpetual residence of the Vice Chancellor, he provided that the Vice Chancellor should always have the title of the Basilica; as the Chancellors were not always of the same order in the Sacred College, being either cardinal-deacons, cardinal-priests, or cardinal-bishops, this basilica could not ...
The College of Cardinals, more formally called the Sacred College of Cardinals, is the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church. [1] As of 22 January 2025, there are 252 cardinals, of whom 138 are eligible to vote in a conclave to elect a new pope.
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The Liber Pontificalis (Latin for 'pontifical book' or Book of the Popes) is a book of biographies of popes from Saint Peter until the 15th century. The original publication of the Liber Pontificalis stopped with Pope Adrian II (867–872) or Pope Stephen V (885–891), [1] but it was later supplemented in a different style until Pope Eugene IV (1431–1447) and then Pope Pius II (1458–1464 ...