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  2. Derivative - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative

    In mathematics, the derivative is a fundamental tool that quantifies the sensitivity to change of a function's output with respect to its input. The derivative of a function of a single variable at a chosen input value, when it exists, is the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function at that point.

  3. Notation for differentiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notation_for_differentiation

    If f is a function, then its derivative evaluated at x is written ′ (). It first appeared in print in 1749. [3] Higher derivatives are indicated using additional prime marks, as in ″ for the second derivative and ‴ for the third derivative. The use of repeated prime marks eventually becomes unwieldy.

  4. Numerical differentiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_differentiation

    Therefore, the true derivative of f at x is the limit of the value of the difference quotient as the secant lines get closer and closer to being a tangent line: ′ = (+) (). Since immediately substituting 0 for h results in 0 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {0}{0}}} indeterminate form , calculating the derivative directly can be unintuitive.

  5. Differential of a function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_of_a_function

    In calculus, the differential represents the principal part of the change in a function = with respect to changes in the independent variable. The differential is defined by = ′ (), where ′ is the derivative of f with respect to , and is an additional real variable (so that is a function of and ).

  6. Finite difference - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_difference

    In an analogous way, one can obtain finite difference approximations to higher order derivatives and differential operators. For example, by using the above central difference formula for f ′(x + ⁠ h / 2 ⁠) and f ′(x − ⁠ h / 2 ⁠) and applying a central difference formula for the derivative of f ′ at x, we obtain the central difference approximation of the second derivative of f:

  7. Inverse function rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_function_rule

    In calculus, the inverse function rule is a formula that expresses the derivative of the inverse of a bijective and differentiable function f in terms of the derivative of f. More precisely, if the inverse of f {\displaystyle f} is denoted as f − 1 {\displaystyle f^{-1}} , where f − 1 ( y ) = x {\displaystyle f^{-1}(y)=x} if and only if f ...

  8. Subderivative - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subderivative

    Rigorously, a subderivative of a convex function : at a point in the open interval is a real number such that () for all .By the converse of the mean value theorem, the set of subderivatives at for a convex function is a nonempty closed interval [,], where and are the one-sided limits = (), = + ().

  9. Sigmoid function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmoid_function

    This function is unusual because it actually attains the limiting values of -1 and 1 within a finite range, meaning that its value is constant at -1 for all and at 1 for all . Nonetheless, it is smooth (infinitely differentiable, C ∞ {\displaystyle C^{\infty }} ) everywhere , including at x = ± 1 {\displaystyle x=\pm 1} .