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This reaction is similar to nucleophilic aliphatic substitution where the reactant is a nucleophile rather than an electrophile. The four possible electrophilic aliphatic substitution reaction mechanisms are S E 1, S E 2(front), S E 2(back) and S E i (Substitution Electrophilic), which are also similar to the nucleophile counterparts S N 1 and ...
In organic chemistry, an azo coupling is an reaction between a diazonium compound (R−N≡N +) and another aromatic compound that produces an azo compound (R−N=N−R’).In this electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction, the aryldiazonium cation is the electrophile, and the activated carbon (usually from an arene, which is called coupling agent), serves as a nucleophile.
Formylation reactions are a form of electrophilic aromatic substitution and therefore work best with electron-rich starting materials. Phenols are a common substrate, as they readily deprotonate to excellent phenoxide nucleophiles. Other electron-rich substrates, such as mesitylene, pyrrole, or fused aromatic rings can also be expected to react.
Electrophiles are involved in electrophilic substitution reactions, particularly in electrophilic aromatic substitutions. In this example, the benzene ring's electron resonance structure is attacked by an electrophile E +. The resonating bond is broken and a carbocation resonating structure results.
Sulfur trioxide or its protonated derivative is the actual electrophile in this electrophilic aromatic substitution. To drive the equilibrium, dehydrating agents such as thionyl chloride can be added: [2] C 6 H 6 + H 2 SO 4 + SOCl 2 → C 6 H 5 SO 3 H + SO 2 + 2 HCl. Historically, mercurous sulfate has been used to catalyze the reaction. [3]
Directed ortho metalation (DoM) is an adaptation of electrophilic aromatic substitution in which electrophiles attach themselves exclusively to the ortho-position of a direct metalation group or DMG through the intermediary of an aryllithium compound. [1] The DMG interacts with lithium through a hetero atom.
In principle, NO + can substitute directly onto an aromatic ring, but the ring must be substantially activated, because NO + is about 14 bel less electrophilic than NO + 2. [6] Unusually for electrophilic aromatic substitution, proton release to the solvent is typically rate-limiting, and the reaction can be suppressed in superacidic conditions ...
For example, cyanide is a key catalyst in the benzoin condensation, a classical example of polarity inversion. Mechanism of the benzoin condensation The net result of the benzoin reaction is that a bond has been formed between two carbons that are normally electrophiles.