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The Thirteenth Dynasty of ancient Egypt (notated Dynasty XIII) was a series of rulers from approximately 1803 BC until approximately 1649 BC, i.e. for 154 years. [1] It is often classified as the final dynasty of the Middle Kingdom (which includes Dynasties XI, XII and XIV), but some historians instead group it in the Second Intermediate Period (with Dynasties XIV through XVII).
According to egyptologists Kim Ryholt and Darrell Baker, Khaankhre Sobekhotep was the 13th pharaoh of the dynasty and had a short reign ca. 1735 BC. Alternatively, Jürgen von Beckerath sees him as the 16th pharaoh of the dynasty.
Khaneferre Sobekhotep IV was one of the more powerful Egyptian kings of the 13th Dynasty (c. 1803 BC to c. 1649 BC), who reigned at least eight years. His brothers, Neferhotep I and Sihathor, were his predecessors on the throne, the latter having only ruled as coregent for a few months.
Sobekhotep III was the first of a group of Thirteenth Dynasty kings about whom there exists historical records. This group of Thirteenth Dynasty kings are all known from many objects. These kings produced many seals and there are many private monuments that can be dated to these reigns.
The throne name Sekhemre Khutawyre appears in the Turin King List as the 19th king of the 13th Dynasty. However, the Nile level records and his appearance on a papyrus found at Lahun indicate that he might date to the early 13th Dynasty. In both monument types only kings of the late 12th and early 13th Dynasty are mentioned.
However, two kings of the Thirteenth Dynasty, Sobekhotep I and Sonbef, have been speculated to be sons of his based on their shared nomen 'Amenemhat'. [25] If this is the case, Sobekneferu may have taken the throne after Amenemhat IV's death, because she viewed those potential offspring of late king as illegitimate. [26]
The periodization of ancient Egypt is the use of periodization to organize the 3,000-year history of ancient Egypt. [1] The system of 30 dynasties recorded by third-century BC Greek-speaking Egyptian priest Manetho is still in use today; [2] however, the system of "periods" and "kingdoms" used to group the dynasties is of modern origin (19th and 20th centuries CE). [3]
At the Dra Abu el-Naga (Thebes), the Shaft Tomb of Ankhu was found at a family necropolis with 30 shaft tombs dating to the early Thirteenth Dynasty. Inside was a 10 ton pink granite sarcophagus with his name. [15] In another of the shaft tombs was a funerary stela beloning to a deputy minister, which had the cartouche of Sobekhotep II. [16] [17]