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A TNF inhibitor is a pharmaceutical drug that suppresses the physiologic response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which is part of the inflammatory response.TNF is involved in autoimmune and immune-mediated disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa and refractory asthma, so TNF inhibitors may be used in their ...
One of the major limiting factors in the efficacy of type I interferon therapy are the high rates of side effects. Between 15% - 40% of people undergoing type 1 IFN treatment develop major depressive disorders. [18] Less commonly, interferon treatment has also been associated with anxiety, lethargy, psychosis and parkinsonism. [19]
Interferon therapy, and specially interferon beta-1b, induces the production of neutralizing antibodies, usually in the second 6 months of treatment, in 5 to 30% of treated patients. [4] Moreover, a subset of RRMS patients with specially active MS, sometimes called "rapidly worsening MS" are normally non-responders to interferon beta-1b.
Interferon gamma (IFNG or IFN-γ) is a dimerized soluble cytokine that is the only member of the type II class of interferons. [5] The existence of this interferon, which early in its history was known as immune interferon, was described by E. F. Wheelock as a product of human leukocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin, and by others as a product of antigen-stimulated lymphocytes. [6]
Emapalumab, sold under the brand name Gamifant, is an anti-interferon-gamma (IFNγ) antibody medication used for the treatment of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), [3] [4] [5] which has no cure. [6] The most common side effects include infections, hypertension, infusion-related reactions, and pyrexia. [3]
Common side effects include fever, cough, chest pain, joint pain, vomiting, and hair loss. [19] Severe side effects include splenic rupture and allergic reactions. [19] It is unclear if use in pregnancy is safe for the baby. [19] Filgrastim is a recombinant form of the naturally occurring granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). [19]
The most common side effects include nausea as well as bone and muscle pain. [ 1 ] Lipegfilgrastim is similar to granulocyte colony stimulating factor ( G‑CSF ), a naturally occurring protein in the body that stimulates the production of white blood cells including neutrophils in the bone marrow . [ 1 ]
Interferon therapy is used (in combination with chemotherapy and radiation) as a treatment for some cancers. [45] This treatment can be used in hematological malignancy , such as in leukemia and lymphomas including hairy cell leukemia , chronic myeloid leukemia , nodular lymphoma, and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma . [ 45 ]