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Diesel exhaust fluid (DEF; also known as AUS 32 and sometimes marketed as AdBlue [3]) is a liquid used to reduce the amount of air pollution created by a diesel engine. Specifically, DEF is an aqueous urea solution made with 32.5% urea and 67.5% deionized water.
The combination of urea and ammonium nitrate has an extremely low critical relative humidity (18% at 30 °C) and can therefore only be used in liquid fertilizers. The most commonly used grade of these fertilizer solutions is UAN 32.0.0 (32%N) known as UN32 or UN-32, which consists of 45% ammonium nitrate, 35% urea and only 20% water. Other ...
The structure of the molecule of urea is O=C(−NH 2) 2.The urea molecule is planar when in a solid crystal because of sp 2 hybridization of the N orbitals. [8] [9] It is non-planar with C 2 symmetry when in the gas phase [10] or in aqueous solution, [9] with C–N–H and H–N–H bond angles that are intermediate between the trigonal planar angle of 120° and the tetrahedral angle of 109.5°.
The most widely used solid inorganic fertilizers are urea, diammonium phosphate and potassium chloride. [53] Solid fertilizer is typically granulated or powdered. Often solids are available as prills, a solid globule. Liquid fertilizers comprise anhydrous ammonia, aqueous solutions of ammonia, aqueous solutions of ammonium nitrate or urea.
Liquid ammonia – TogliattiAzot's total output of liquid ammonia in 2014 was 2.9 million tons. [30] In 2015, Houston based KBR Inc. was awarded a contract to revamp the existing seven ammonia plants in Tolyatti. [31] Urea – The construction of a new Urea plant was commissioned by TogliattiAzot in 2015. [32]
Urea is widely used as a nitrogen fertilizer. Its high solubility in water makes it useful for liquid application, and it has a much lower risk of causing fertilizer burn than other chemicals such as calcium cyanide or ammonium nitrate.
Urea plant using ammonium carbamate briquettes, Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory, ca. 1930 Carl Bosch, 1927. The Bosch–Meiser process is an industrial process, which was patented in 1922 [1] and named after its discoverers, the German chemists Carl Bosch and Wilhelm Meiser [2] for the large-scale manufacturing of urea, a valuable nitrogenous chemical.
KOCN is prepared by heating urea with potassium carbonate at 400 °C: . 2 OC(NH 2) 2 + K 2 CO 3 → 2 KOCN + (NH 4) 2 CO 3. The reaction produces a liquid. Intermediates and impurities include biuret, cyanuric acid, and potassium allophanate (KO 2 CNHC(O)NH 2), as well as unreacted starting urea, but these species are unstable at 400 °C.
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