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Ptolemy's theorem states that the sum of the products of the lengths of opposite sides is equal to the product of the lengths of the diagonals. When those side-lengths are expressed in terms of the sin and cos values shown in the figure above, this yields the angle sum trigonometric identity for sine: sin(α + β) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β.
Murphy's triad was named after John Benjamin Murphy, an American physician and abdominal surgeons and one of the earliest advocates for the intervention of the removal of the appendix in all cases of appendicitis.
The scoring system was developed in 2008. [1] The AIR score was developed to overcome some of the drawbacks of the Alvarado score, another diagnostic scoring system for identifying appendicitis. [2]
The Alvarado score is a clinical scoring system used in the diagnosis of appendicitis. [1] Alvarado scoring has largely been superseded as a clinical prediction tool by the Appendicitis Inflammatory Response score.
Rovsing's sign, named after the Danish surgeon Niels Thorkild Rovsing (1862–1927), [1] is a sign of appendicitis.If palpation of the left lower quadrant of a person's abdomen increases the pain felt in the right lower quadrant, the patient is said to have a positive Rovsing's sign and may have appendicitis.
The sign indicates aggravation of the parietal peritoneum by stretching or moving. Positive Blumberg's sign is indicative of peritonitis, [3] which can occur in diseases like appendicitis, and may occur in ulcerative colitis with rebound tenderness in the right lower quadrant.
Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix. [2] Symptoms commonly include right lower abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever and decreased appetite. [2] However, approximately 40% of people do not have these typical symptoms. [2]
The patient lies on a couch. The examiner gently stretches the right spermatic cord using the thumb and index finger right about the testis in the right scrotum. For a patient with appendicitis, this causes pain in the right iliac fossa. [2]