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Ptolemy's theorem states that the sum of the products of the lengths of opposite sides is equal to the product of the lengths of the diagonals. When those side-lengths are expressed in terms of the sin and cos values shown in the figure above, this yields the angle sum trigonometric identity for sine: sin(α + β) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β.
Murphy's triad was named after John Benjamin Murphy, an American physician and abdominal surgeons and one of the earliest advocates for the intervention of the removal of the appendix in all cases of appendicitis.
Illustration of the sum formula. Draw a horizontal line (the x -axis); mark an origin O. Draw a line from O at an angle α {\displaystyle \alpha } above the horizontal line and a second line at an angle β {\displaystyle \beta } above that; the angle between the second line and the x -axis is α + β . {\displaystyle \alpha +\beta .}
Rovsing's sign, named after the Danish surgeon Niels Thorkild Rovsing (1862–1927), [1] is a sign of appendicitis.If palpation of the left lower quadrant of a person's abdomen increases the pain felt in the right lower quadrant, the patient is said to have a positive Rovsing's sign and may have appendicitis.
The sign indicates aggravation of the parietal peritoneum by stretching or moving. Positive Blumberg's sign is indicative of peritonitis, [3] which can occur in diseases like appendicitis, and may occur in ulcerative colitis with rebound tenderness in the right lower quadrant.
Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix. [2] Symptoms commonly include right lower abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever and decreased appetite. [2] However, approximately 40% of people do not have these typical symptoms. [2]
The hamburger sign is used in the diagnosis of appendicitis. [1] The sign is used to rule out that disease, with the physician inquiring if the patient would like to consume their favourite food. [2]
The Alvarado score is a clinical scoring system used in the diagnosis of appendicitis. [1] Alvarado scoring has largely been superseded as a clinical prediction tool by the Appendicitis Inflammatory Response score.