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[11] [28] Compared to placebo, beta-blockers have a greater benefit in stroke reduction, but no difference on coronary heart disease or all-cause mortality. [32] However, three-quarters of active beta-blocker treatments in the randomised controlled trials included in the review used atenolol, and none used the newer vasodilating beta-blockers. [33]
Beta-blockers with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity: acebutolol, pindolol; Some common side effects include increased airway resistance for non-selective beta-blockers, exacerbation of peripheral vascular diseases, and hypotension [15] Beta-blockers are contraindicated in patients with second- or third-degree atrioventricular block.
Beta blockers vary in their lipophilicity (fat solubility) and in turn in their ability to cross the blood–brain barrier and exert effects in the central nervous system. [76] Beta blockers with greater blood–brain barrier permeability can have both neuropsychiatric therapeutic benefits and side effects, as well as adverse cognitive effects ...
Betaxolol is most commonly ingested orally alone or with other medications for the management of essential hypertension. [4] It is a cardioselective beta blocker, targeting beta-1 adrenergic receptors found in the cardiac muscle. Blood pressure is decreased by the mechanism of blood vessels relaxing and improving the flow of blood. [5] [6]
Nebivolol is a beta blocker used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure. [5] As with other β-blockers, it is generally a less preferred treatment for high blood pressure. [6] It may be used by itself or with other blood pressure medication. [6] It is taken by mouth. [6] Common side effects include dizziness, feeling tired, nausea, and ...
In particular, beta-blockers are no longer recommended as first-line treatment due to relative adverse risk of stroke and new-onset of type 2 diabetes when compared to other medications, [3] while certain specific beta-blockers such as atenolol appear to be less useful in overall treatment of hypertension than several other agents. [36]
Common side effects include nausea, abdominal pain, and constipation. [2] It may worsen the symptoms of asthma. [2] Propranolol may cause harmful effects for the baby if taken during pregnancy; [7] however, its use during breastfeeding is generally considered to be safe. [8] It is a non-selective beta blocker which works by blocking β ...
Labetalol is often classified as a beta blocker with low lipophilicity and hence lower potential for crossing the blood–brain barrier and blood–placenta barrier. [17] [29] [30] This in turn may result in fewer effects in the central nervous system as well as a lower risk of neuropsychiatric side effects. [17]