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The vestibular nerve is one of the two branches of the vestibulocochlear nerve (the cochlear nerve being the other). In humans the vestibular nerve transmits sensory information from vestibular hair cells located in the two otolith organs (the utricle and the saccule ) and the three semicircular canals via the vestibular ganglion of Scarpa .
They may include bilateral vestibulopathy, [1] central vestibulopathy, [2] post traumatic vestibulopathy, [3] peripheral vestibulopathy, [4] recurrent vestibulopathy, [5] visual vestibulopathy, [6] and neurotoxic vestibulopathy, [7] among others. Tinnitus is a common vestibulopathy. Migraines have often been associated with vestibulopathies.
In peripheral vestibular disorders, the side of lesion can be inferred from the results of caloric stimulation and, to some degree, from positional findings. ENG or VNG can be used to record nystagmus during oculomotor tests such as saccades , pursuit and gaze testing, optokinetics and also calorics (dithermal or monothermal).
Nystagmus as seen in a case of ocular albinism. The cause of pathological nystagmus may be congenital, idiopathic, or secondary to a pre-existing neurological disorder.It also may be induced temporarily by disorientation (such as on roller coaster rides or when a person has been spinning in circles) or by some drugs (alcohol, lidocaine, and other central nervous system depressants, inhalant ...
[16] [17] Any cause of inflammation such as common cold, influenza, and bacterial infections may cause transient vertigo if it involves the inner ear, as may chemical insults (e.g., aminoglycosides) [18] or physical trauma (e.g., skull fractures). Motion sickness is sometimes classified as a cause of peripheral vertigo. [citation needed]
The symptoms of vestibulocerebellar syndrome vary among patients but are typically a unique combination of ocular abnormalities including nystagmus, poor or absent smooth pursuit (ability of the eyes to follow a moving object), strabismus (misalignment of the eyes), diplopia (double vision), oscillopsia (the sensation that stationary objects in the visual field are oscillating) and abnormal ...
Due to the small size of the arteries in the area, the most common cause of a local lesion is an infarction due to lipohyalinosis and hypertension. Like other small arteries of the brain, these vessels are vulnerable to microemboli , especially those generated due to turbulence or low-flow states in those with artificial heart valves or ...
Other causes of vertigo include: Motion sickness/motion intolerance: a disjunction between visual stimulation, vestibular stimulation, and/or proprioception; Visual exposure to nearby moving objects (examples of optokinetic stimuli include passing cars and falling snow) Other diseases: (labyrinthitis, Ménière's disease, and migraine, [27] etc.)