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In chemistry, a hydration reaction is a chemical reaction in which a substance combines with water. In organic chemistry, water is added to an unsaturated substrate, which is usually an alkene or an alkyne. This type of reaction is employed industrially to produce ethanol, isopropanol, and butan-2-ol. [1]
Hydroboration–oxidation reaction is a two-step hydration reaction that converts an alkene into an alcohol. [1] The process results in the syn addition of a hydrogen and a hydroxyl group where the double bond had been. Hydroboration–oxidation is an anti-Markovnikov reaction, with the hydroxyl group attaching to the less-substituted carbon.
Application of mukaiyama hydration in the total synthesis of (±)-Garsubellin A. The hydration reaction is catalyzed by Co(acac)2 (acac = 2,4-pentanedionato, better known as acetylacetonato) and carried out in the presence of air oxygen & phenylsilane. With isopropanol used as solvent, yields of 73 % are obtained.
This reaction, which was first described in detail by Fournier, [10] [11] is typically carried out by adding KMnO 4 to a solution or suspension of the alcohol in an alkaline aqueous solution. For the reaction to proceed efficiently, the alcohol must be at least partially dissolved in the aqueous solution.
Alkenes engage in an acid catalyzed hydration reaction using concentrated sulfuric acid as a catalyst that gives usually secondary or tertiary alcohols. Formation of a secondary alcohol via alkene reduction and hydration is shown: The hydroboration-oxidation and oxymercuration-reduction of alkenes are more reliable in organic synthesis.
In organic chemistry, the oxymercuration reaction is an electrophilic addition reaction that transforms an alkene (R 2 C=CR 2) into a neutral alcohol. In oxymercuration, the alkene reacts with mercuric acetate (AcO−Hg−OAc) in aqueous solution to yield the addition of an acetoxymercury (−HgOAc) group and a hydroxy (−OH) group across the ...
Hydroxylation improves water‐solubility, as well as affecting their structure and function. The most frequently hydroxylated amino acid residue in human proteins is proline . This is because collagen makes up about 25–35% of the protein in our bodies and contains a hydroxyproline at almost every 3rd residue in its amino acid sequence.
For instance, the hydration of an alkene to an alcohol is reversed by dehydration. There are two main types of polar addition reactions: electrophilic addition and nucleophilic addition. Two non-polar addition reactions exist as well, called free-radical addition and cycloadditions.