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  2. Acculturation model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acculturation_Model

    In second-language acquisition, the acculturation model is a theory proposed by John Schumann to describe the acquisition process of a second language (L2) by members of ethnic minorities [1] that typically include immigrants, migrant workers, or the children of such groups. [2] This acquisition process takes place in natural contexts of ...

  3. Phoulkon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoulkon

    The phoulkon (Greek: φοῦλκον), in Latin fulcum, was an infantry formation utilized by the military of the late Roman and Byzantine Empire.It is a formation in which an infantry formation closes ranks and the first two or three lines form a shield wall while those behind them hurl projectiles.

  4. Roman infantry tactics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_infantry_tactics

    Roman military tactics evolved from the type of a small tribal host-seeking local hegemony to massive operations encompassing a world empire. This advance was affected by changing trends in Roman political, social, and economic life, and that of the larger Mediterranean world, but it was also under-girded by a distinctive "Roman way" of war.

  5. Testudo formation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testudo_formation

    The testudo was a common formation in the Middle Ages, being used by Muhammad's forces during the Siege of Ta'if in 630, [4] also by the Carolingian Frankish soldiers of Louis the Pious to advance on the walls of Barcelona during the siege of 800–801, by Vikings during the siege of Paris in 885–886, by East Frankish soldiers under king ...

  6. Order of acquisition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_acquisition

    The order of acquisition is a concept in language acquisition describing the specific order in which all language learners acquire the grammatical features of their first language. This concept is based on the observation that all children acquire their first language in a fixed, universal order, regardless of the specific grammatical structure ...

  7. Theories of second-language acquisition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_second...

    Language learning, on the other hand, is studying, consciously and intentionally, the features of a language, as is common in traditional classrooms. Krashen sees these two processes as fundamentally different, with little or no interface between them. In common with connectionism, Krashen sees input as essential to language acquisition. [7]

  8. Innateness hypothesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innateness_hypothesis

    Additional arguments come from the fact that language acquisition among children occurs in ordered developmental stages [4] and that adult learners – having passed the critical age for language acquisition – are typically unable to acquire native-like proficiency in a second language. [5]

  9. Input hypothesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_hypothesis

    The acquisitionlearning hypothesis claims that there is a strict separation between acquisition and learning; Krashen saw acquisition as a purely subconscious process and learning as a conscious process, and claimed that improvement in language ability was only dependent upon acquisition and never on learning.