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The formula above is a geometric series—each successive term is one fourth of the previous term. In modern mathematics, that formula is a special case of the sum formula for a geometric series. Archimedes evaluates the sum using an entirely geometric method, [8] illustrated in the adjacent picture. This picture shows a unit square which has ...
Proof without words of the Nicomachus theorem (Gulley (2010)) that the sum of the first n cubes is the square of the n th triangular number. In mathematics, a proof without words (or visual proof) is an illustration of an identity or mathematical statement which can be demonstrated as self-evident by a diagram without any accompanying explanatory text.
For example, when transforming the 7-square to the 8-square, we add 15 elements; these adjunctions are the 8s in the above figure. This gnomonic technique also provides a proof that the sum of the first n odd numbers is n 2; the figure illustrates 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 = 64 = 8 2. First five terms of Nichomachus's theorem
A short elementary proof of Pascal's theorem in the case of a circle was found by van Yzeren (1993), based on the proof in (Guggenheimer 1967). This proof proves the theorem for circle and then generalizes it to conics. A short elementary computational proof in the case of the real projective plane was found by Stefanovic (2010).
The Elements begins with plane geometry, still taught in secondary school (high school) as the first axiomatic system and the first examples of mathematical proofs. It goes on to the solid geometry of three dimensions. Much of the Elements states results of what are now called algebra and number theory, explained in geometrical language. [1]
The Steiner–Lehmus theorem, a theorem in elementary geometry, was formulated by C. L. Lehmus and subsequently proved by Jakob Steiner. It states: Every triangle with two angle bisectors of equal lengths is isosceles. The theorem was first mentioned in 1840 in a letter by C. L. Lehmus to C. Sturm, in which he asked for a purely geometric proof ...
In proof by exhaustion, the conclusion is established by dividing it into a finite number of cases and proving each one separately. The number of cases sometimes can become very large. For example, the first proof of the four color theorem was a proof by exhaustion with 1,936 cases. This proof was controversial because the majority of the cases ...
Cheng's eigenvalue comparison theorem (Riemannian geometry) Chern–Gauss–Bonnet theorem (differential geometry) Chevalley's structure theorem (algebraic geometry) Chevalley–Shephard–Todd theorem (finite group) Chevalley–Warning theorem (field theory) Chinese remainder theorem (number theory) Choi's theorem on completely positive maps ...