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An equivalent definition of a vector space can be given, which is much more concise but less elementary: the first four axioms (related to vector addition) say that a vector space is an abelian group under addition, and the four remaining axioms (related to the scalar multiplication) say that this operation defines a ring homomorphism from the ...
For example, the complex numbers C form a two-dimensional vector space over the real numbers R. Likewise, the real numbers R form a vector space over the rational numbers Q which has (uncountably) infinite dimension, if a Hamel basis exists. [b] If V is a vector space over F it may also be regarded as vector space over K. The dimensions are ...
For example, a single Grassmann number can be thought of as generating a one-dimensional space. A vector space, the m-dimensional superspace, then appears as the m-fold Cartesian product of these one-dimensional . [clarification needed] It can be shown that this is essentially equivalent to an algebra with m generators, but this requires work.
Other examples of infinite-dimensional normed vector spaces can be found in the Banach space article. Generally, these norms do not give the same topologies. For example, an infinite-dimensional ℓ p {\displaystyle \ell ^{p}} space gives a strictly finer topology than an infinite-dimensional ℓ q {\displaystyle \ell ^{q}} space when p < q ...
Every normed vector space can be "uniquely extended" to a Banach space, which makes normed spaces intimately related to Banach spaces. Every Banach space is a normed space but converse is not true. For example, the set of the finite sequences of real numbers can be normed with the Euclidean norm , but it is not complete for this norm.
In mathematics, the complexification of a vector space V over the field of real numbers (a "real vector space") yields a vector space V C over the complex number field, obtained by formally extending the scaling of vectors by real numbers to include their scaling ("multiplication") by complex numbers.
A subset of a vector space is called a cone if for all real >,.A cone is called pointed if it contains the origin. A cone is convex if and only if +. The intersection of any non-empty family of cones (resp. convex cones) is again a cone (resp. convex cone); the same is true of the union of an increasing (under set inclusion) family of cones (resp. convex cones).
In particular if V is finitely generated, then all its bases are finite and have the same number of elements.. While the proof of the existence of a basis for any vector space in the general case requires Zorn's lemma and is in fact equivalent to the axiom of choice, the uniqueness of the cardinality of the basis requires only the ultrafilter lemma, [1] which is strictly weaker (the proof ...