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Cerebral edema is a potentially life-threatening complication of severely decreased sodium ion concentration in the blood (hyponatremia). [17] Ionic brain edema can also occur around the sites of brain hemorrhages, infarcts, or contusions due to a local plasma osmolality pressure gradient when compared to the high osmolality in the affected tissue.
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy may cause intraparenchymal hemorrhage even in patients without elevated blood pressure. Unlike hypertension, cerebral amyloid angiopathy does not typically affect blood vessels to deep brain structures. Instead, it is most commonly associated with hemorrhage of small vessels in the cerebral cortex. [2]
Central pontine myelinolysis is a neurological condition involving severe damage to the myelin sheath of nerve cells in the pons (an area of the brainstem). It is predominately iatrogenic (treatment-induced), and is characterized by acute paralysis, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), dysarthria (difficulty speaking), and other neurological symptoms.
Intracerebral hemorrhages and accompanying edema may disrupt or compress adjacent brain tissue, leading to neurological dysfunction. Substantial displacement of brain parenchyma may cause elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) and potentially fatal herniation syndromes.
Trauma is the most common cause of intracranial hemorrhage. It can cause epidural hemorrhage, subdural hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Other condition such as hemorrhagic parenchymal contusion and cerebral microhemorrhages can also be caused by trauma. [3]
[1] [4] Non-resolution of MRI abnormalities has been linked with poorer outcomes. [4] The presence of brain hemorrhage and cytotoxic edema (brain edema with concomittant brain tissue damage) is also associated with a poor prognosis. [2] If PRES was caused by pre-eclampsia or eclampsia the prognosis is better than in PRES due to other causes. [1 ...
Subdural hygromas require two conditions in order to occur. First, there must be a separation in the layers of the Meninges of the brain. Second, the resulting subdural space that occurs from the separation of layers must remain uncompressed in order for CSF to accumulate in the subdural space, resulting in the hygroma. [1]
Neurocysticercosis can be classified into two main types: parenchymal, which affects the brain tissue, and extraparenchymal, which occurs outside the brain tissue. [39] Parenchymal neurocysticercosis: neurocysticercosis lesions within brain parenchyma. [39] Viable parenchymal cysts: contains the scolex, typically between 0.5 and 2 cm in ...