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Chromatin remodeling in rodent offspring and altered gene expression within the limbic brain regions that may contribute to depression, stress, and anxiety-related disorders in future generations. [4] Variations in maternal care, such as maternal licking and grooming, indicates reduced HPA axis reactivity in subsequent generations. [5]
A related view, the diathesis-stress model, posits that mental disorders result from genetic dispositions and environmental stressors, combining to cause patterns of distress or dysfunction. [16] The model is one way to explain why some individuals are more vulnerable to mental disorders than others.
Although the exact origin of depression is unclear, it is believed to involve biological, psychological, and social aspects. [2] Socioeconomic status, life experience, genetics, and personality traits are believed to be factors in the development of depression and may represent an increased risk of developing a major depressive episode. [3]
Depression may be related to abnormalities in the circadian rhythm, [22] or biological clock. A well synchronized circadian rhythm is critical for maintaining optimal health . Adverse changes and alterations in the circadian rhythm have been associated with various neurological disorders and mood disorders including depression.
Depression can also arise after a chronic or terminal medical condition, such as HIV/AIDS or asthma, and may be labeled "secondary depression". [ 51 ] [ 52 ] It is unknown whether the underlying diseases induce depression through effect on quality of life, or through shared etiologies (such as degeneration of the basal ganglia in Parkinson's ...
Family history, previous diagnosis of a mood disorder, trauma, stress or major life changes in the case of depression, physical illness or use of certain medications. Depression has been linked to major diseases such as cancer, diabetes, Parkinson's disease and heart disease, Brain structure and function in the case of bipolar disorder. [1 ...
However, the World Health Organization's ICD-11 excludes OCD but categorizes PTSD, Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD), adjustment disorder as stress-related disorders. [2] Stress is a conscious or unconscious psychological feeling or physical condition resulting from physical or mental 'positive or negative pressure' that overwhelms ...
Post-stroke depression (PSD) is a form of depression that may occur after a stroke. PSD significantly impacts stroke recovery and the overall quality of life of those affected. It is particularly associated with strokes affecting the basal ganglia or the anterior regions of the brain, including the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.
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