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In condensed matter physics, a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter that is typically formed when a gas of bosons at very low densities is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero, i.e., 0 K (−273.15 °C; −459.67 °F).
The name boson was coined by Paul Dirac [3] [4] to commemorate the contribution of Satyendra Nath Bose, an Indian physicist. When Bose was a reader (later professor) at the University of Dhaka, Bengal (now in Bangladesh), [5] [6] he and Albert Einstein developed the theory characterising such particles, now known as Bose–Einstein statistics and Bose–Einstein condensate.
Bosons are quantum mechanical particles that follow Bose–Einstein statistics, or equivalently, that possess integer spin.These particles can be classified as elementary: these are the Higgs boson, the photon, the gluon, the W/Z and the hypothetical graviton; or composite like the atom of hydrogen, the atom of 16 O, the nucleus of deuterium, mesons etc. Additionally, some quasiparticles in ...
Bose–Einstein statistics apply only to particles that do not follow the Pauli exclusion principle restrictions. Particles that follow Bose-Einstein statistics are called bosons, which have integer values of spin. In contrast, particles that follow Fermi-Dirac statistics are called fermions and have half-integer spins.
Satyendra Nath Bose FRS, MP [1] (/ ˈ b oʊ s /; [4] [a] 1 January 1894 – 4 February 1974) was an Indian theoretical physicist and mathematician.He is best known for his work on quantum mechanics in the early 1920s, in developing the foundation for Bose–Einstein statistics, and the theory of the Bose–Einstein condensate.
Photons are part of a family of particles known as bosons, particles that follow Bose–Einstein statistics and with integer spin. A gas of bosons with only one type of particle is uniquely described by three state functions such as the temperature, volume, and the number of particles.
Dirac was able to derive Einstein's and coefficients from first principles, and showed that the Bose–Einstein statistics of photons is a natural consequence of quantizing the electromagnetic field correctly (Bose's reasoning went in the opposite direction; he derived Planck's law of black-body radiation by assuming B–E statistics). In Dirac ...
Bose–Einstein may refer to: Bose–Einstein condensate, a phase of matter in quantum mechanics Bose–Einstein condensation (network theory), the application of this model in network theory; Bose–Einstein condensation of polaritons; Bose–Einstein condensation of quasiparticles; Bose–Einstein correlations; Bose–Einstein integral