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Molded Bakelite forms in a condensation reaction of phenol and formaldehyde, with wood flour or asbestos fiber as a filler, under high pressure and heat in a time frame of a few minutes of curing. The result is a hard plastic material. [27] Asbestos was gradually abandoned as filler because many countries banned the production of asbestos.
Wood-plastic composite. Wood–plastic composites (WPCs) are composite materials made of wood fiber/wood flour and thermoplastic(s) such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), or polylactic acid (PLA). In addition to wood fiber and plastic, WPCs can also contain other ligno-cellulosic and/or inorganic filler materials.
Typical engineered composite materials are made up of a binding agent forming the matrix and a filler material (particulates or fibres) giving substance, e.g.: Concrete, reinforced concrete and masonry with cement, lime or mortar (which is itself a composite material) as a binder; Composite wood such as glulam and plywood with wood glue as a binder
Examples of resin acids are abietic acid (sylvic acid), C 20 H 30 O 2, plicatic acid contained in cedar, and pimaric acid, C 20 H 30 O 2, a constituent of galipot resin. Abietic acid can also be extracted from rosin by means of hot alcohol. Rosin is obtained from pines and some other plants, mostly conifers. [5]
The heating (dry distilling) of wood causes tar and pitch to drip away from the wood and leave behind charcoal. Birchbark is used to make birch-tar, a particularly fine tar. The terms tar and pitch are often used interchangeably. However, pitch is considered more solid, while tar is more liquid.
For example, since 2010 over US$200 billion has been invested in the United States in new plastic and chemical plants, stimulated by the low cost of raw materials. In the European Union (EU), too, heavy investments have been made in the plastics industry, which employs over 1.6-million people with a turnover of more than 360 billion euros per ...
For example, they can contribute up to 40% by weight to intravenous medical bags and up to 80% by weight in medical tubing. [49] Vinyl products are pervasive—including toys, [ 50 ] car interiors, shower curtains, and flooring—and initially release chemical gases into the air.
Higher quality lignin presents the potential to become a renewable source of aromatic compounds for the chemical industry, with an addressable market of more than $130bn. [ 26 ] Given that it is the most prevalent biopolymer after cellulose , lignin has been investigated as a feedstock for biofuel production and can become a crucial plant ...