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Once the structure and composition of the object has been observed and identified, conservator-restorers can determine the state. Surface dirt and corrosion are among the most common issues with iron and steel objects. Throughout the analysis and identification process, conservator-restorers keep clear and detailed notes.
Derveni krater, bronze, 350 BC, height: 90.5 cm (35 1 ⁄ 2 in.), Inv. B1, Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki, after cleaning and conservation. Conservation and restoration of metals is the activity devoted to the protection and preservation of historical (religious, artistic, technical and ethnographic) and archaeological objects made partly or entirely of metal.
There is evidence that iron was known from before 5000 BC. [15] The oldest known iron objects used by humans are some beads of meteoric iron, made in Egypt in about 4000 BC. The discovery of smelting around 3000 BC led to the start of the Iron Age around 1200 BC [16] and the prominent use of iron for tools and weapons. [17]
Due to rusting, few iron objects have survived from this period. [27] Burial mounds in square, and later round, enclosures were common in the Yayoi period. The starting date of the Kofun period (c. 250–300 AD) is defined by the appearance of large-scale keyhole-shaped kofun mound tombs, thought to mark imperial burials.
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The 1872 George Peabody Library in Baltimore is a similarly elaborate atrium with glass roof, where all the structural members are also decorative and made of cast iron. The lofty glass roof of Milan's Galleria, built 1865–77, is both a dome and glass roofed shopping arcade, the grandest ever built. [22]
Modern versions are also made of enameled cast iron. Ttukbaegi – a type of oji-gureut , [ 39 ] which is an onggi coated with brown-tone ash glaze . [ 40 ] [ 41 ] [ 42 ] The small, black to brown earthenware vessel is a cookware -cum- serveware used for various jjigae (stew), gukbap (soup with rice), or other boiled dishes in Korean cuisine.
Ironwork is any weapon, artwork, utensil, or architectural feature made of iron, especially one used for decoration. There are two main types of ironwork: wrought iron and cast iron. While the use of iron dates as far back as 4000 BC, it was the Hittites who first knew how to extract it (see iron ore) and develop weapons.