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Hydrocodone/ibuprofen , sold under the brand name Vicoprofen, is a fixed-dose combination analgesic medication used in short-term therapy to relieve severe pain. [3] [4] Vicoprofen combines the analgesic and antitussive properties of hydrocodone with the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties of ibuprofen. [1]
Hydrocodone is a highly selective full agonist of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR). [19] [45] [40] This is the main biological target of the endogenous opioid neuropeptide β-endorphin. [46] Hydrocodone has low affinity for the δ-opioid receptor (DOR) and the κ-opioid receptor (KOR), where it is an agonist similarly. [40]
Tramadol is used primarily to treat mild to severe pain, both acute and chronic. [21] [22] There is moderate evidence for use as a second-line treatment for fibromyalgia, but it is not FDA-approved for this use. [23] Its use is approved for treatment of fibromyalgia as a secondary painkiller by the NHS. [24]
For moderate pain, tramadol, codeine, dihydrocodeine, and hydrocodone are used, with nicocodeine, ethylmorphine and propoxyphene or dextropropoxyphene (less commonly). Drugs of other types can be used to help opioids combat certain types of pain.
Codeine is used to treat mild to moderate pain. [4] It is commonly used to treat post-surgical dental pain. [13]Weak evidence indicates that it is useful in cancer pain, but it may have increased adverse effects, especially constipation, compared to other opioids. [14]
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [1] [3] (NSAID) [1] are members of a therapeutic drug class which reduces pain, [4] decreases inflammation, decreases fever, [1] and prevents blood clots. Side effects depend on the specific drug, its dose and duration of use, but largely include an increased risk of gastrointestinal ulcers and bleeds ...
Some patients request to be switched to a different narcotic due to stigma associated with a particular drug (e.g. a patient refusing methadone due to its association with opioid addiction treatment). [4] Equianalgesic charts are also used when calculating an equivalent dosage of the same drug, but with a different route of administration.
The WHO guidelines recommend prompt oral administration of drugs ("by the mouth") when pain occurs, starting, if the patient is not in severe pain, with non-opioid drugs such as paracetamol (acetaminophen) or aspirin, [1] with or without "adjuvants" such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) including COX-2 inhibitors.
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