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An ICE table or RICE box or RICE chart is a tabular system of keeping track of changing concentrations in an equilibrium reaction. ICE stands for initial, change, equilibrium . It is used in chemistry to keep track of the changes in amount of substance of the reactants and also organize a set of conditions that one wants to solve with. [ 1 ]
To use potentiometric (e.m.f.) measurements in monitoring the + concentration in place of readings, one can trivially set [+] = and apply the same equations as above, where is the offset correction /, and is a slope correction / (1/59.2 pH units/mV at 25°C), such that replaces .
Pourbaix diagram of iron. [1] The Y axis corresponds to voltage potential. In electrochemistry, and more generally in solution chemistry, a Pourbaix diagram, also known as a potential/pH diagram, E H –pH diagram or a pE/pH diagram, is a plot of possible thermodynamically stable phases (i.e., at chemical equilibrium) of an aqueous electrochemical system.
This equation is the equation of a straight line for as a function of pH with a slope of () volt (pH has no units). This equation predicts lower E h {\displaystyle E_{h}} at higher pH values. This is observed for the reduction of O 2 into H 2 O, or OH − , and for reduction of H + into H 2 .
The pH range is commonly given as zero to 14, but a pH value can be less than 0 for very concentrated strong acids or greater than 14 for very concentrated strong bases. [2] The pH scale is traceable to a set of standard solutions whose pH is established by international agreement. [3]
At pH < 5.89 (pH < pK 1) the hydrogen chromate ion is predominant in dilute solution but the dichromate ion is predominant in more concentrated solutions. Predominance diagrams can become very complicated when many polymeric species can be formed as, for example, with vanadate , [ 4 ] molybdate [ 1 ] and tungstate . [ 1 ]
A typical titration curve of a diprotic acid, oxalic acid, titrated with a strong base, sodium hydroxide.Both equivalence points are visible. Titrations are often recorded on graphs called titration curves, which generally contain the volume of the titrant as the independent variable and the pH of the solution as the dependent variable (because it changes depending on the composition of the ...
In and of themselves, pH indicators are usually weak acids or weak bases. The general reaction scheme of acidic pH indicators in aqueous solutions can be formulated as: HInd (aq) + H 2 O (l) ⇌ H 3 O + (aq) + Ind − (aq) where, "HInd" is the acidic form and "Ind −" is the conjugate base of the indicator. Vice versa for basic pH indicators ...