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This field is central to much quantitative research that is undertaken within the social sciences. Quantitative research may involve the use of proxies as stand-ins for other quantities that cannot be directly measured. Tree-ring width, for example, is considered a reliable proxy of ambient environmental conditions such as the warmth of growing ...
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For quantitative analysis, data is coded usually into measured and recorded as nominal or ordinal variables.. Questionnaire data can be pre-coded (process of assigning codes to expected answers on designed questionnaire), field-coded (process of assigning codes as soon as data is available, usually during fieldwork), post-coded (coding of open questions on completed questionnaires) or office ...
A PDF file is organized using ASCII characters, except for certain elements that may have binary content. The file starts with a header containing a magic number (as a readable string) and the version of the format, for example %PDF-1.7. The format is a subset of a COS ("Carousel" Object Structure) format. [24]
Quantitative analysis also takes a deductive approach. [8] Examples of content-analytical variables and constructs can be found, for example, in the open-access database DOCA. This database compiles, systematizes, and evaluates relevant content-analytical variables of communication and political science research areas and topics.
A processing run read a command file of SPSS commands and either a raw input file of fixed-format data with a single record type, or a 'getfile' of data saved by a previous run. To save precious computer time an 'edit' run could be done to check command syntax without analysing the data.
In education, most educators have access to a data system for the purpose of analyzing student data. [106] These data systems present data to educators in an over-the-counter data format (embedding labels, supplemental documentation, and a help system and making key package/display and content decisions) to improve the accuracy of educators ...
Sorted into folders by class of events as well as metadata in a JSON file and annotations in a CSV file. 1,059 Sound Classification 2014 [147] [148] J. Salamon et al. AudioSet 10-second sound snippets from YouTube videos, and an ontology of over 500 labels. 128-d PCA'd VGG-ish features every 1 second. 2,084,320