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The CBGTC loop primarily consists of modulatory dopaminergic projections from the pars compacta of the substantia nigra, and ventral tegmental area as well as excitatory glutamatergic projections from the cortex to the striatum, where these projections form synapses with excitatory and inhibitory pathways that relay back to the cortex. The loop ...
Cortical stimulation mapping has also identified a language area in the basal temporal cortex that was previously unknown. [6] Cortical stimulation mapping in patients with epilepsy has shown that critical language areas of the brain vary greatly in patients, highlighting the need to perform accurate mapping prior to surgeries in language areas ...
The entorhinal cortex (EC) is a structure in the brain located in the medial temporal lobe.The EC is composed of six distinct layers. The superficial (outer) layers, which include layers I through III, are mainly input layers that receive signals from other parts of the EC, but also project to hippocampal structures via the perforant path.
Adaptive or closed-loop deep brain stimulation is a technique in which a steering signal influences when, with which amplitude or at which electrode contacts the DBS system is activated. This steering signal can be a physiological sensing signal, which is typically either recorded from the same implanted electrode or a cortical electrode/ ECoG ...
The lateral geniculate nucleus, known as the major relay center from the sensory neurons in the eyes to the visual cortex, is found in the thalamus and has thalamocortical oscillatory properties, [7] forming a feedback loop between the thalamus and the visual cortex. Sensory input can be seen to modulate the oscillatory patterns of ...
The primary motor cortex, the pre-motor cortex, the supplementary motor area, parietal cortex, [11] and the basal ganglia all may experience these preparatory delay periods. These activities coordinate during the delay periods and reflect movement planning in accordance with the instructional cue and the subsequent movement but occur prior to ...
The primary works were on the reward center of the brain in which stimulation of those structures led to pleasure that requested more stimulation. Another most recent example is the electrical stimulation of the middle temporal (MT) area of primary visual cortex to bias perception.
There are several neural circuits in the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop. These circuits carry information between the cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, and back to the cortex. The largest structure within the basal ganglia, the striatum, is seen as having its own internal microcircuitry. [6]