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In contrast, mutation of other genes unrelated to the tumor formation may lead to synthesis of abnormal proteins which are called tumor-associated antigens. Other examples include tissue differentiation antigens, mutant protein antigens, oncogenic viral antigens, cancer-testis antigens and vascular or stromal specific antigens. Tissue ...
p53, also known as Tumor protein P53, cellular tumor antigen p53 (UniProt name), or transformation-related protein 53 (TRP53) is a regulatory protein that is often mutated in human cancers.
The recognition of mutation-induced antigens on tumors by T cells is only one aspect of a more general phenomenon which can rightly be named: T cell immunosurveillance of the integrity of the genome. Any somatic mutation has a probability of producing a new antigen that can be recognized by T cells.
A novel strategy against cancer is epitope selection for mutanome-directed individualized cancer immunotherapy. [4] Individualized cancer immunotherapy leverages the adaptive immune system by targeting T cells to tumor cells that have a tumor specific mutant antigen with neoepitopes recognized by a receptor on T cells. [13]
Patients who harbor an EGFR mutation have a 60% response rate to erlotinib. However, the mutation of KRAS and EGFR are generally mutually exclusive. [29] [30] [31] Lung cancer patients who are positive for KRAS mutation (and the EGFR status would be wild type) have a low response rate to erlotinib or gefitinib estimated at 5% or less. [29]
SV40 large T antigen (Simian Vacuolating Virus 40 TAg) is a hexamer protein that is a dominant-acting oncoprotein derived from the polyomavirus SV40. TAg is capable of inducing malignant transformation of a variety of cell types.
Since the MR1 molecule is involved in presentation of cancer specific antigens and plays a role in tumor immunosurveillance, it has potential use in immunotherapy. [21] Specific clones of MR1 T lymphocytes (MC.7.G5) were able to kill various cancer cells in vivo and in vitro and were inert to noncancerous cells.
Cancer immunotherapy (immuno-oncotherapy) is the stimulation of the immune system to treat cancer, improving the immune system's natural ability to fight the disease. [1] It is an application of the fundamental research of cancer immunology (immuno-oncology) and a growing subspecialty of oncology.