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[3] [49] It can perform as an 8-bit 8051, has 24-bit linear addressing, an 8-bit ALU, 8-bit instructions, 16-bit instructions, a limited set of 32-bit instructions, 16 8-bit registers, 16 16-bit registers (8 16-bit registers which do not share space with any 8-bit registers, and 8 16-bit registers which contain 2 8-bit registers per 16-bit ...
LRC is calculated as the sum of 8-bit values (excluding the start and end characters), negated (two's complement) and encoded as an 8-bit value. For example, if Address, Function, and Data are 247, 3, 19, 137, 0, and 10, the two's complement of their sum (416) is −416; this trimmed to 8 bits is 96 (256 × 2 − 416 = 60 16 ), giving the ...
When the data word is divided into 8-bit blocks, as in the example above, two 8-bit sums result and are combined into a 16-bit Fletcher checksum. Usually, the second sum will be multiplied by 256 and added to the simple checksum, effectively stacking the sums side-by-side in a 16-bit word with the simple checksum at the least significant end.
An 8-bit register can store 2 8 different values. The range of integer values that can be stored in 8 bits depends on the integer representation used. With the two most common representations, the range is 0 through 255 (2 8 − 1) for representation as an binary number, and −128 (−1 × 2 7) through 127 (2 7 − 1) for representation as two's complement.
The sum-output from the second half adder is the final sum output of the full adder and the output from the OR gate is the final carry output (). The critical path of a full adder runs through both XOR gates and ends at the sum bit . Assumed that an XOR gate takes 1 delays to complete, the delay imposed by the critical path of a full adder is ...
A conventional eight-bit byte is −127 10 to +127 10 with zero being either 00000000 (+0) or 11111111 (−0). To add two numbers represented in this system, one does a conventional binary addition, but it is then necessary to do an end-around carry: that is, add any resulting carry back into the resulting sum. [8]
The method taught in school for multiplying decimal numbers is based on calculating partial products, shifting them to the left and then adding them together. The most difficult part is to obtain the partial products, as that involves multiplying a long number by one digit (from 0 to 9):
Minimalistic support for three assembler directives (.equ, .db, .ds) to control data locations, there exist no directives to directly control code locations Code start is defined outside source code ("load me at" entry) - if not defined (default), code is generated (strangely) from 4200h (instead from the real reset vector 0000h)