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In mathematics, the Z function is a function used for studying the Riemann zeta function along the critical line where the argument is one-half. It is also called the Riemann–Siegel Z function, the Riemann–Siegel zeta function, the Hardy function, the Hardy Z function and the Hardy zeta function.
Siegel derived it from the Riemann–Siegel integral formula, an expression for the zeta function involving contour integrals. It is often used to compute values of the Riemann–Siegel formula, sometimes in combination with the Odlyzko–Schönhage algorithm which speeds it up considerably.
The Riemann zeta function ζ(z) plotted with domain coloring. [1] The pole at = and two zeros on the critical line.. The Riemann zeta function or Euler–Riemann zeta function, denoted by the Greek letter ζ (), is a mathematical function of a complex variable defined as () = = = + + + for >, and its analytic continuation elsewhere.
In mathematics, the Riemann–Siegel theta function is defined in terms of the gamma function as = ((+)) for real values of t.Here the argument is chosen in such a way that a continuous function is obtained and () = holds, i.e., in the same way that the principal branch of the log-gamma function is defined.
where Hardy's Z function and the Riemann–Siegel theta function θ are uniquely defined by this and the condition that they are smooth real functions with θ(0) = 0. By finding many intervals where the function Z changes sign one can show that there are many zeros on the critical line.
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Zeta functions and L-functions express important relations between the geometry of Riemann surfaces, number theory and dynamical systems.Zeta functions, and their generalizations such as the Selberg class S, are conjectured to have various important properties, including generalizations of the Riemann hypothesis and various relationships with automorphic forms as well as to the representations ...
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