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Carl L. Bankston and Stephen J. Caldas, in their books A Troubled Dream: The Promise and Failure of School Desegregation in Louisiana (2002) and Forced to Fail: The Paradox of School Desegregation (2005), argued that continuing racial inequality in the larger American society had undermined efforts to force schools to desegregate. [19]
A Girl Stands at the Door: The Generation of Young Women Who Desegregated America's Schools. Basic Books. ISBN 978-1541697331. Jackson, John P. (2005). Science for Segregation: Race, Law, and the Case against Brown v. Board of Education. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 9780814742716. Kean, Melissa (2008).
While the government program of Japanese American internment targeted all the Japanese in America as enemies, most German and Italian Americans were left in peace and were allowed to serve in the U.S. military. Pressure to end racial segregation in the government grew among African Americans and progressives after the end of World War II.
NAACP litigation had resulted in some desegregation by the fall of 1960 in eleven localities, and the number of at least partially desegregated districts had slowly risen to 20 in the fall of 1961, 29 in the fall of 1962, and 55 (out of 130 school districts) in 1963.
Prior to World War II, most public schools in the country were de jure or de facto segregated. All Southern states had Jim Crow Laws mandating racial segregation of schools. . Northern states and some border states were primarily white (in 1940, the populations of Detroit and Chicago were more than 90% white) and existing black populations were concentrated in urban ghettos partly as the ...
December 11–15 – Five hundred protesters arrested in Albany, Georgia. December 15 – King arrives in Albany, Georgia in response to a call from Dr. W. G. Anderson, the leader of the Albany Movement to desegregate public facilities. [12] December 16 – King is arrested at an Albany, Georgia demonstration.
As America marks the 70th anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education, Keith Magee notes that many schools are as segregated now as they were in 1954. Opinion: America vowed to desegregate its schools.
Initially, Catholic schools in the South generally followed the pattern of segregation in public schools, sometimes enforced by law. However, most Catholic dioceses began moving ahead of public schools to desegregate. Prior to the desegregation of public schools, St. Louis was the first city to desegregate its Catholic schools in 1947. [35]