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Vancomycin. Six different types of vancomycin resistance are shown by enterococcus: Van-A, Van-B, Van-C, Van-D, Van-E and Van-G. [4] The significance is that Van-A VRE is resistant to both vancomycin and teicoplanin, [5] Van-B VRE is resistant to vancomycin but susceptible to teicoplanin, [6] [7] and Van-C is only partly resistant to vancomycin.
Enterococcus faecalis – formerly classified as part of the group D Streptococcus system – is a Gram-positive, commensal bacterium inhabiting the gastrointestinal tracts of humans. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Like other species in the genus Enterococcus , E. faecalis is found in healthy humans and can be used as a probiotic.
Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic ... Three main resistance variants have been characterised to date among resistant Enterococcus faecium and E. faecalis ...
Vancomycin non-susceptible isolates of Staph aureus have been isolated in Asia and the United States. [27] A study performed in 1992 demonstrated that Vancomycin resistance could be transferred from Enterococcus faecalis/faecium to Staph aureus through the transfer of the VanA and VanB genes. [28]
Important clinical infections caused by Enterococcus include urinary tract infections (see Enterococcus faecalis), bacteremia, bacterial endocarditis, diverticulitis, meningitis, and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. [4] [8] [9] Sensitive strains of these bacteria can be treated with ampicillin, penicillin and vancomycin. [10]
Linezolid is effective against all clinically important Gram-positive bacteria—those whose cell wall contains a thick layer of peptidoglycan and no outer membrane—notably Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis (including vancomycin-resistant enterococci), Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ...
VanY D-Ala-D-Ala peptidases provide resistance to the antibiotic vancomycin on some strains of enterococci, and are therefore drug targets. VanY is a Zinc -dependent D,Dcarboxypeptidase enzyme that cleaved the C-terminal residue of peptidoglycan precursors ending in R-D-Ala-D-Ala or R-D-Ala-D-Lac.
Dalbavancin also shows in vitro activity against vancomycin-susceptible Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis. [3] Other Gram-positive organisms belonging to the Bacillus spp., Listeria spp., and Corynebacterium spp. may show in vitro susceptibility, and dalbavancin may exhibit activity against enterococci expressing the VanB or VanC ...