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Several studies have shown variable-significance positive effects when a multidisciplinary, multifactorial approach to elderly patient is followed during pre, peri and post-operative care. [5] [7] The release of stress hormones during surgery, ischemia, or hypoxemia may also play a role in causing postoperative cognitive dysfunction. [6]
Detailed patient history focusing on age at onset and nature and rate of decline of cognitive functions, particularly memory loss, is critical. [56] Clinicians also assess other cognitive domains and inquire about any changes in behavior or personality that might indicate broader neurological impact.
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a condition in which people face memory problems more often than that of the average person their age. These symptoms, however, do not prevent them from carrying out normal activities and are not as severe as the symptoms for Alzheimer's disease (AD).
However, one may potentially delay the effects and severity of its symptoms. While there is no consensus of efficacy, the following are reported as delaying cognitive decline: High level of education [20] [69] Physical exercise [70] [71] [72] Staying intellectually engaged, i.e. reading and mental activities (such as crossword puzzles) [73] [71]
Stress, hypometabolism, and oxidative damage may decrease physiologic reserve in the elderly and can lead to a decrease in neuron energy production and an increase in neuron damage. [12] Thioredoxin reductase is an antioxidant that neutralizes oxidative free radicals that can cause cell death. The brain is vulnerable to oxidative free radicals ...
However, in some cases, that decline may accelerate and progress to conditions like mild cognitive impairment or full-blown dementia, especially if you’re living with certain health conditions.
It is the cause of 60–70% of cases of dementia. [2] [15] The most common early symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events. [1] As the disease advances, symptoms can include problems with language, disorientation (including easily getting lost), mood swings, loss of motivation, self-neglect, and behavioral issues. [2]
Stress has been shown to both improve and impair WM. In a study by Duncko et al., the positive effect of stress manifested itself as a decreased reaction time in participants, while the negative effect of stress causes more false alarms and mistakes when compared to a normal condition. [34]