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  2. Fineness - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fineness

    For example, knowing that standard 18-carat yellow gold consists of 75% gold, 12.5% silver and the remaining 12.5% of copper (all by mass), the volume of pure gold in this alloy will be 60% since gold is much denser than the other metals used: 19.32 g/cm 3 for gold, 10.49 g/cm 3 for silver and 8.96 g/cm 3 for copper.

  3. Colored gold - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colored_gold

    The highest karat version of rose gold, also known as crown gold, is 22 karat. Amongst the alloys made of gold, silver, and copper, the hardest is the 18.1 K pink gold (75.7% gold and 24.3% copper). An alloy with only gold and silver is the hardest at 15.5 K (64.5% gold and 35.5% silver).

  4. Karatmeter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karatmeter

    Analyzing gold using XRF spectrometers gives the purity of gold, up to 10-12 microns and hence it gives the analysis of coating only. Using this technique, the precise percentage or karat (of karat) in a solid piece of jewelry can be determined in 30 seconds.

  5. Electrum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrum

    The name is mostly applied informally to compositions between 20–80% gold and 80–20% silver, but these are strictly called gold or silver depending on the dominant element. Analysis of the composition of electrum in ancient Greek coinage dating from about 600 BC shows that the gold content was about 55.5% in the coinage issued by Phocaea .

  6. Doré bar - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doré_bar

    Mint and private assayers would subsequently refine the doré bars to an acceptable purity, 999 fine, gold bullion, with the silver and base metals removed. By the time of the California gold rush , mints were moving away from the age-old process of cupellation to " part " bullion and moving toward the acid refining process developed by chemist ...

  7. BIS hallmark - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIS_hallmark

    The BIS Hallmark is a hallmarking system for gold as well as silver jewellery sold in India, certifying the purity of the metal. [1] [2] It certifies that the piece of jewellery conforms to a set of standards laid by the Bureau of Indian Standards, the national standards organization of India. India is the second biggest market for gold and its ...

  8. Touchstone (assaying tool) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchstone_(assaying_tool)

    This method has been used since ancient times. In modern times, additional tests can be done. The trace will react in different ways to specific concentrations of nitric acid or aqua regia, thereby identifying the quality of the gold: 24 karat gold is not affected but 14 karat gold will show chemical activity.

  9. Silver standards - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_standards

    The Scandinavian silver alloy contains 83% pure silver and 17% copper or other metals. [10] German silver will be marked with a millesimal fineness of 800 or 835 (80% or 83.5% pure silver). Any items simply marked "German silver", "nickel silver" or "Alpaca" have no silver content at all, but are mere alloys of other base metals. [citation needed]