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The process was based on the oxidation of hydrogen chloride: 4 HCl + O 2 → 2 Cl 2 + 2H 2 O. The reaction takes place at about 400 to 450 °C in the presence of a variety of catalysts, including copper chloride (CuCl 2). Three companies developed commercial processes for producing chlorine based on the Deacon reaction: [1]
The Hay coupling is variant of the Glaser coupling. It relies on the TMEDA complex of copper(I) chloride to activate the terminal alkyne. Oxygen (air) is used in the Hay variant to oxidize catalytic amounts of Cu(I) to Cu(II) throughout the reaction, as opposed to a stoichiometric amount of Cu(II) used in the Eglington variant. [7]
Copper(II) chloride is used as a catalyst in a variety of processes that produce chlorine by oxychlorination. The Deacon process takes place at about 400 to 450 °C in the presence of a copper chloride: [8] 4 HCl + O 2 → 2 Cl 2 + 2 H 2 O. Copper(II) chloride catalyzes the chlorination in the production of vinyl chloride and dichloromethane. [8]
The most common chloralkali process involves the electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride (a brine) in a membrane cell. A membrane, such as Nafion, Flemion or Aciplex, is used to prevent the reaction between the chlorine and hydroxide ions. Basic membrane cell used in the electrolysis of brine. At the anode (A), chloride (Cl −) is
Usually, water is electrolysed as mentioned above in electrolysis of water yielding gaseous oxygen in the anode and gaseous hydrogen in the cathode. On the other hand, sodium chloride in water dissociates in Na + and Cl − ions. The cation, which is the positive ion, will be attracted to the cathode (−), thus reducing the sodium ion.
In this type of decomposition reaction, a metal chloride and oxygen gas are the products. Here, again, M represents the metal: 2 MClO 3 → 2 MCl+ 3 O 2. A common decomposition of a chlorate is in the reaction of potassium chlorate where oxygen is the product. This can be written as: 2 KClO 3 → 2 KCl + 3 O 2
Chlorine can be manufactured by the electrolysis of a sodium chloride solution , which is known as the Chloralkali process. The production of chlorine results in the co-products caustic soda (sodium hydroxide, NaOH) and hydrogen gas (H 2). These two products, as well as chlorine itself, are highly reactive.
In the original paper describing this reaction, methylmagnesium bromide is reacted with isophorone with and without 1 mole percent of added copper(I) chloride (see figure). [10] Without added salt the main products are alcohol B (42%) from nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl group and diene C (48%) as its dehydration reaction product.