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lightweight construction: reduced wall thickness and steel sheet exhaust manifold (instead of cast-iron), one near-engine-mounted catalytic pre-converter, one main catalytic converter and an end muffler (instead of one underfloor catalytic converter, one underfloor muffler and an end muffler attached to 1.4 TDI) starter
The engine's displacements were 1.4 litres (3 cylinders), 1.6 litres (4 cylinders) and 2.0 litres (4 cylinders), [8] [9] with power output between 66 and 176 kW. [ 10 ] The engine was to be first used in 2015 model years of Volkswagen Golf , Volkswagen Beetle , Volkswagen Passat , and Volkswagen Jetta .
Diagram of an exhaust manifold from a Kia Rio. 1. manifold; 2. gasket; 3. nut; 4. heat shield; 5. heat shield bolt Ceramic-coated exhaust manifold on the side of a performance car. In automotive engineering, an exhaust manifold collects the exhaust gases from multiple cylinders into one pipe.
See today's average mortgage rates for a 30-year fixed mortgage, 15-year fixed, jumbo loans, refinance rates and more — including up-to-date rate news.
A 4-2-1 exhaust system is a type of exhaust manifold for an engine with four cylinders per bank, such as an inline-four engine or a V8 engine. The layout of a 4-2-1 system is as follows: four pipes (primary) come off the cylinder head , and merge into two pipes (secondary), which in turn finally link up to form one collector pipe.
2 (NH 2) 2 CO + 4 NO + O 2 → 4 N 2 + 4 H 2 O + 2 CO 2 and 4 (NH 2) 2 CO + 6 NO 2 → 7 N 2 + 8 H 2 O + 4 CO 2 and (NH 2) 2 CO + NO + NO 2 → 2 N 2 + 2 H 2 O + CO 2. The ratio between NO 2 and NO determines which reactions take place and how fast.
President-elect Trump took China by surprise when he invited President Xi Jinping to his upcoming inauguration, a friendly gesture ahead of a widely expected trade war.
In 1999, the Volkswagen 1.2-litre TDI won the International Engine of the Year categories for "1.0 to 1.4 litres" and "Best Fuel Economy". [19] In 2000, a fuel system using unit injectors (called "Pumpe Düse" by Volkswagen) began to replace the distributor injection pump systems (except for the V8 engine, which used common rail design). [1]
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