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The shear resistance of soil is a result of friction and interlocking of particles, and possibly cementation or bonding of particle contacts. Due to interlocking, particulate material may expand or contract in volume as it is subject to shear strains. If soil expands its volume, the density of particles will decrease and the strength will ...
The quantity is often called the cohesion and the angle is called the angle of internal friction. Compression is assumed to be positive in the following discussion. If compression is assumed to be negative then should be replaced with .
The angle of internal friction is thus closely related to the maximum stable slope angle, often called the angle of repose. But in addition to friction, soil derives significant shear resistance from interlocking of grains. If the grains are densely packed, the grains tend to spread apart from each other as they are subject to shear strain.
This theory, which considers the soil to be in a state of plastic equilibrium, makes the assumptions that the soil is homogeneous, isotropic and has internal friction.The pressure exerted by soil against the wall is referred to as active pressure.
Expressions in terms of cohesion and friction angle [ edit ] Since the Drucker–Prager yield surface is a smooth version of the Mohr–Coulomb yield surface , it is often expressed in terms of the cohesion ( c {\displaystyle c} ) and the angle of internal friction ( ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } ) that are used to describe the Mohr–Coulomb yield ...
Both the friction angle and cohesion can be considered for each slice. In the general case of the method of slices, the forces acting on a slice are shown in the figure below. The normal ( E r , E l {\displaystyle E_{r},E_{l}} ) and shear ( S r , S l {\displaystyle S_{r},S_{l}} ) forces between adjacent slices constrain each slice and make the ...
The internal angle between the surface of the pile and the horizontal surface is known as the angle of repose and is related to the density, surface area and shapes of the particles, and the coefficient of friction of the material. Material with a low angle of repose forms flatter piles than material with a high angle of repose.
The results of the tests on each specimen are plotted on a graph with the peak (or residual) stress on the y-axis and the confining stress on the x-axis. The y-intercept of the curve which fits the test results is the cohesion, and the slope of the line or curve is the friction angle. Direct shear tests can be performed under several conditions.