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Shellfish containing 80 or more micrograms of saxitoxin per 100g of edible shellfish tissue are deemed to be unsafe for human consumption. [16] Currently, there is no antidote for PSP neurotoxins. Most PSP patients suffer only minor symptoms, these lasting until the toxin is eliminated from the body.
PSP is the most common and severe form of shellfish poisoning and is caused by neurotoxins, called saxitoxins or paralytic shellfish toxins, that are naturally produced by marine algae, called ...
The oral LD50 for humans is 5.7 μg/kg, therefore approximately 0.57 mg of saxitoxin is lethal if ingested and the lethal dose by injection is about one-tenth of that (approximately 0.6 μg/kg). The human inhalation toxicity of aerosolized saxitoxin is estimated to be 5 mg·min/m 3. Saxitoxin can enter the body via open wounds and a lethal dose ...
When the shellfish are then eaten by humans, high doses of the toxins may be consumed. Humans are typically exposed to these potent natural toxins via filter-feeding mollusks (i.e., shellfish), because shellfish accumulate biotoxins in their flesh due to the way that they feed. [ 1 ]
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration says consumers should avoid eating shellfish from Oregon and Washington state as they may be contaminated with toxins that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning.
Paralytic shellfish poisoning, or PSP, happens after consuming shellfish contaminated with saxitoxin, which can cause gastrointestinal distress, neurological symptoms, and a sensation of ...
Like every saxitoxin, the gonyautoxins are neurotoxins and cause a disease known as paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). [3] For humans a dose of 1–4 mg of these toxins is already lethal. Shellfish can contain more than 10 micrograms of gonyautoxin per 100 gram weight, inducing that the consumption of a few mussels can already be fatal for ...
Neosaxitoxin (NSTX) is included, as other saxitoxin-analogs, in a broad group of natural neurotoxic alkaloids, commonly known as the paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs).The parent compound of PSTs, saxitoxin (STX), is a tricyclic perhydropurine alkaloid, which can be substituted at various positions, leading to more than 30 naturally occurring STX analogues.