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The American Concrete Institute (ACI, formerly National Association of Cement Users or NACU) is a non-profit technical society and standards developing organization. ACI was founded in January 1905 during a convention in Indianapolis. [1][2] The Institute's headquarters are currently located in Farmington Hills, Michigan, USA.
The ultimate strength of concrete is influenced by the water-cementitious ratio (w/cm), the design constituents, and the mixing, placement and curing methods employed.All things being equal, concrete with a lower water-cement (cementitious) ratio makes a stronger concrete than that with a higher ratio. [2]
There are two application methods for shotcrete. dry-mix – the dry mixture of cement and aggregates is filled into the machine and conveyed with compressed air through the hoses. The water needed for the hydration is added at the nozzle. wet-mix – the mixes are prepared with all necessary water for hydration.
The water–cement ratio (w/c ratio, or water-to-cement ratio, sometimes also called the Water-Cement Factor, f) is the ratio of the mass of water (w) to the mass of cement (c) used in a concrete mix: The typical values of this ratio f = w⁄c are generally comprised in the interval 0.40 and 0.60. The water-cement ratio of the fresh concrete ...
Reinforced concrete structures are normally designed according to rules and regulations or recommendation of a code such as ACI-318, CEB, Eurocode 2 or the like. WSD, USD or LRFD methods are used in design of RC structural members. Analysis and design of RC members can be carried out by using linear or non-linear approaches.
The environmental impact of concrete, its manufacture, and its applications, are complex, driven in part by direct impacts of construction and infrastructure, as well as by CO 2 emissions; between 4-8% of total global CO 2 emissions come from concrete. [1] Many depend on circumstances.
Contents. Creep and shrinkage of concrete. Creep and shrinkage of concrete are two physical properties of concrete. The creep of concrete, which originates from the calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H) in the hardened Portland cement paste (which is the binder of mineral aggregates), is fundamentally different from the creep of metals and polymers.
IS: 456; 10262; SP 23 – codes for designing concrete mixes. IS: 1199 – methods of sampling and analysis of concrete. IS: 516BXB JWJJS– methods of test for strength of concrete. IS: 13311 – ultrasonic testing of concrete structures. IS: 4925 – specifications for concrete batching plant. IS: 3025 – tests on water samples.