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Vocal cord dysfunction (VCD) is a condition affecting the vocal cords. [1] It is characterized by abnormal closure of the vocal folds, which can result in significant difficulties and distress during breathing, particularly during inhalation. [1] Due to the similarity in symptoms, VCD attacks are often mistaken for asthma attacks or laryngospasms.
This ear-cough reflex is also known as Arnold's nerve reflex (ANR), linked to the auricular branch of vagus nerve. It is an example of vagal hypersensitivity. [2] [3] Weakness of the respiratory muscles, tracheostomy, or vocal cord pathology (including paralysis or anesthesia) may prevent effective clearing of the airways.
Vocal cord paresis, also known as recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis or vocal fold paralysis, is an injury to one or both recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLNs), which control all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except for the cricothyroid muscle. The RLN is important for speaking, breathing and swallowing.
Trauma is often due to excessive use of the vocal folds such as by yelling, screaming, or singing. Though this often results in damage to the outer layers of the vocal folds, the subsequent healing process may lead to changes in the physiology of the folds. [1] Another potential cause of inflammation may be overuse of the vocal cords.
Laryngospasm is an uncontrolled or involuntary muscular contraction of the vocal folds. [1] It may be triggered when the vocal cords or the area of the trachea below the vocal folds detects the entry of water, mucus, blood, or other substance.
Perhaps the most preventable cause of damage to these reflexes originates from smoking. One study has shown that, when compared to non-smokers, the threshold volumes (the lowest volume at which one of these reflexes is triggered) for both the pharyngo-upper esophageal sphincter contractile reflex and reflexive pharyngeal swallowing is increased.
When that happens, research shows that LPR can damage the mucosal tissue causing chronic laryngitis, throat ulcers, or scarring, and coughing, a symptom of LPR, may cause additional vocal cord ...
Spasmodic dysphonia, also known as laryngeal dystonia, is a disorder in which the muscles that generate a person's voice go into periods of spasm. [1] [2] This results in breaks or interruptions in the voice, often every few sentences, which can make a person difficult to understand. [1]