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  2. Lewis acids and bases - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_acids_and_bases

    Acids and bases. A Lewis acid (named for the American physical chemist Gilbert N. Lewis) is a chemical species that contains an empty orbital which is capable of accepting an electron pair from a Lewis base to form a Lewis adduct. A Lewis base, then, is any species that has a filled orbital containing an electron pair which is not involved in ...

  3. HSAB theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSAB_theory

    HSAB theory. HSAB is an acronym for "hard and soft (Lewis) acids and bases ". HSAB is widely used in chemistry for explaining the stability of compounds, reaction mechanisms and pathways. It assigns the terms 'hard' or 'soft', and 'acid' or 'base' to chemical species. 'Hard' applies to species which are small, have high charge states (the ...

  4. Acid strength - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_strength

    Acid strength is the tendency of an acid, symbolised by the chemical formula , to dissociate into a proton, , and an anion, . The dissociation or ionization of a strong acid in solution is effectively complete, except in its most concentrated solutions. Examples of strong acids are hydrochloric acid , perchloric acid , nitric acid and sulfuric ...

  5. Base (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(chemistry)

    A strong base is a basic chemical compound that can remove a proton (H +) from (or deprotonate) a molecule of even a very weak acid (such as water) in an acidbase reaction. Common examples of strong bases include hydroxides of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, like NaOH and Ca(OH) 2, respectively. Due to their low solubility, some ...

  6. Acid dissociation constant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant

    Likewise, any aqueous base with an association constant pK b less than about 0, corresponding to pK a greater than about 14, is leveled to OH − and is considered a strong base. [22] Nitric acid, with a pK value of around −1.7, behaves as a strong acid in aqueous solutions with a pH greater than 1. [23] At lower pH values it behaves as a ...

  7. ECW model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECW_Model

    ECW model. In chemistry, the ECW model is a semi-quantitative model that describes and predicts the strength of Lewis acidLewis base interactions. Many chemical reactions can be described as acidbase reactions, so models for such interactions are of potentially broad interest. The model initially assigned E and C parameters to each and ...

  8. Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brønsted–Lowry_acid...

    Acids and bases. The Brønsted–Lowry theory (also called proton theory of acids and bases[1]) is an acidbase reaction theory which was first developed by Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and Thomas Martin Lowry independently in 1923. [2][3] The basic concept of this theory is that when an acid and a base react with each other, the acid forms ...

  9. Ligand - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand

    Ligand. In coordination chemistry, a ligand[a] is an ion or molecule with a functional group that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex. The bonding with the metal generally involves formal donation of one or more of the ligand's electron pairs, often through Lewis bases. [1] The nature of metal–ligand bonding can range ...