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Mandibular fracture, also known as fracture of the jaw, is a break through the mandibular bone. In about 60% of cases the break occurs in two places. [1] It may result in a decreased ability to fully open the mouth. [1] Often the teeth will not feel properly aligned or there may be bleeding of the gums. [1]
A tooth that has experienced trauma may become loose due to the periodontal ligament becoming damaged or fracture to the root of the tooth. Splinting ensures that the tooth is held in the correct position within the socket, ensuring that no further trauma occurs to enable healing. [37] A splint can either be flexible or rigid.
An open fracture can be life threatening or limb-threatening (person may be at risk of losing a limb) due to the risk of a deep infection and/or bleeding. Open fractures are often caused by high energy trauma such as road traffic accidents and are associated with a high degree of damage to the bone and nearby soft tissue. [1]
Enamel-dentine fracture is a complete fracture of the tooth enamel and dentine without the exposure of the pulp. Pulp sensibility testing is recommended to confirm pulpal health. Treatment depends on how close the fracture is in relation to the pulp. If a tooth fragment is available, it can be bonded to the tooth.
Dental intrusion is an apical displacement of the tooth into the alveolar bone. This injury is accompanied by extensive damage to periodontal ligament , cementum , disruption of the neurovascular supply to the pulp, and communication or fracture of the alveolar socket.
An enamel fracture is when the outermost layer of the tooth is cracked, without damaging the inner layers including the dentine or pulp. This can happen from trauma such as a fall where the teeth are impacted by a hard object causing a chip to occur. Enamel fracture of tooth 11 on the incisal, biting, surface
Tscherne classification – Used to describe external appearance of wounds in both open and closed fractures. Gustilo-Anderson classification – Classifies open fractures based on wound size, extent of soft tissue loss, and degree of contamination. [15] Hannover Fracture scale – Used in open fractures as an extremity salvage assessment.
Fracture occurs due to the forces exerted on the dental unit. The enamel is splintering: [4] [5] [6] after an unfortunate fall, bump or contusion of the jaw; due to excessive chewing, eating too hard food, and chewing nuts and seeds; grinding of teeth and a bad habit of chewing on things, such as pencils, pens, etc.; due to stresses caused by ...
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