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Modifiers for fields: const - Makes the field a constant. private - Makes the field private (default). protected - Makes the field protected. public - Makes the field public. readonly - Allows the field to be initialized only once in a constructor. static - Makes the field a static member, i.e. a class variable.
C++ uses the three modifiers called public, protected, and private. [3] C# has the modifiers public, protected,internal, private, protected internal, private protected, and file. [4] Java has public, package, protected, and private; package is the default, used if no other access modifier keyword is specified. The meaning of these modifiers may ...
Access levels modifiers are commonly used in Java [1] as well as C#, which further provides the internal level. [2] In C++, the only difference between a struct and a class is the default access level, which is private for classes and public for structs.
Much finer control of access rights can be defined using mutators and accessors. For example, a parameter may be made read-only simply by defining an accessor but not a mutator. The visibility of the two methods may be different; it is often useful for the accessor to be public while the mutator remains protected, package-private or internal.
In C#, the qualifier readonly has the same effect on data members that final does in Java and the const does in C++; the modifier const has an effect similar (yet typed and class-scoped) to that of #define in C++.
The const modifier on an instance method applies to the object pointed to by the "this" pointer, which is an implicit argument passed to all instance methods. Thus having const methods is a way to apply const-correctness to the implicit "this" pointer argument just like other arguments. This example illustrates:
C# (/ ˌ s iː ˈ ʃ ɑːr p / see SHARP) [b] is a general-purpose high-level programming language supporting multiple paradigms.C# encompasses static typing, [16]: 4 strong typing, lexically scoped, imperative, declarative, functional, generic, [16]: 22 object-oriented (class-based), and component-oriented programming disciplines.
The notion of a type qualifier was introduced, along with the example of readonly (later renamed const) by Bjarne Stroustrup in a Bell Labs internal Technical Memorandum of 1981, [5] and implemented in C with Classes, the predecessor to C++. [6] As to motivation, Stroustrup writes: [6]