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In the late 17th century, Sir Isaac Newton had advocated that light was corpuscular (particulate), but Christiaan Huygens took an opposing wave description. While Newton had favored a particle approach, he was the first to attempt to reconcile both wave and particle theories of light, and the only one in his time to consider both, thereby anticipating modern wave-particle duality.
The Davisson–Germer experiment confirmed the de Broglie hypothesis that matter has wave-like behavior. This, in combination with the Compton effect discovered by Arthur Compton (who won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1927), [9] established the wave–particle duality hypothesis which was a fundamental step in quantum theory.
In modern physics, the double-slit experiment demonstrates that light and matter can exhibit behavior of both classical particles and classical waves.This type of experiment was first performed by Thomas Young in 1801, as a demonstration of the wave behavior of visible light. [1]
Sometimes in the field of physics "matter" is simply equated with particles that exhibit rest mass (i.e., that cannot travel at the speed of light), such as quarks and leptons. However, in both physics and chemistry, matter exhibits both wave-like and particle-like properties, the so-called wave–particle duality. [10] [11] [12]
The third class are matter waves which have a wavevector, a wavelength and vary with time, but have a zero group velocity or probability flux. The simplest of these, similar to the notation above would be cos ( k ⋅ r − ω t ) {\displaystyle \cos(\mathbf {k} \cdot \mathbf {r} -\omega t)} These occur as part of the particle in a box , and ...
De Broglie proposed that the frequency f of a matter wave equals E/h, where E is the total energy of the particle and h is the Planck constant.For a particle at rest, the relativistic equation E=mc 2 allows the derivation of the Compton frequency f for a stationary massive particle, equal to mc 2 /h.
Strange matter: A type of quark matter that may exist inside some neutron stars close to the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit (approximately 2–3 solar masses). May be stable at lower energy states once formed. Quark matter: Hypothetical phases of matter whose degrees of freedom include quarks and gluons Color-glass condensate
Berthold-Georg Englert, Marlan O. Scully & Herbert Walther, Quantum Optical Tests of Complementarity, Nature, Vol 351, pp 111–116 (9 May 1991) and (same authors) The Duality in Matter and Light Scientific American, pg 56–61, (December 1994). Niels Bohr, Causality and Complementarity: supplementary papers edited by Jan Faye and Henry J. Folse.