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Zebu oxen in Mumbai, India Ploughing with Oxen by George H. Harvey, Nova Scotia, Canada, 1881 Oxen used for plowing, 2013 Boy on an ox-drawn cart in Niger Ox skull. An ox (pl.: oxen), also known as a bullock (in British, Australian, and Indian English), [1] is a large bovine, trained and used as a draft animal.
As land was normally ploughed by a team of eight oxen, an oxgang was thus one eighth the size of a ploughland or carucate. Although these areas were not fixed in size and varied from one village to another, an oxgang averaged 15 acres (6.1 ha), and a ploughland or carucate 100–120 acres (40–49 ha). [ 3 ]
Traditional ploughing: a farmer works the land with horses and plough in the UK Water buffalo used for ploughing in Laos. A plough or plow (both pronounced / p l aʊ /) is a farm tool for loosening or turning the soil before sowing seed or planting. [1] Ploughs were traditionally drawn by oxen and horses but modern ploughs are drawn by tractors.
Oxen are slow but strong, and have been used in a yoke since ancient times: the earliest surviving vehicle, Puabi's Sumerian sledge, was ox-drawn; an acre was originally defined as the area a span of oxen could plow in a day.
Oxen in Germany wearing head yokes. A head yoke fits onto the head of the oxen. It usually fits behind the horns, and has carved-out sections into which the horns fit; it may be a single beam attached to both oxen, or each ox may have a separate short beam. The yoke is then strapped to the horns of the oxen with yoke straps.
This third celebration was also called the "Bouzygian Plowing" or "Bouzygian Arable Rites," held in memory of the first sowing of wheat in Athens by the hero Bouzyges, who was the first to yoke oxen (plowing oxen) for sowing. Before teaching the method of sowing and becoming a national hero of Athens, Bouzyges was the ancestor of the priestly ...
Additionally, the yoke used to harness oxen were made exclusive to each individual animal. However it was sometimes difficult to cultivate the land; based upon soil condition, it may have taken up to sixteen oxen to effectively use a single heavy plow. [23] This made it difficult for farmers who lacked the capital to sustain such large numbers.
A cotton picker at work. The first successful models were introduced in the mid-1940s and each could do the work of 50 hand pickers. Mechanised agriculture or agricultural mechanization is the use of machinery and equipment, ranging from simple and basic hand tools to more sophisticated, motorized equipment and machinery, to perform agricultural operations. [1]