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Imidacloprid also exhibits excellent translaminar movement in plants and can penetrate the leaf cuticle and move readily into leaf tissue. [29] Since imidacloprid is effective at very low levels (nanogram and picogram), it can be applied at much lower concentrations (e.g., 0.05–0.125 lb/acre or 55–140 g/ha) than other insecticides.
Sale of diazinon for residential use was discontinued in the U.S. in 2004. Should never be sprayed on flowering crops especially if bees are active and the crop requires pollination. Highly toxic Dicrotophos [33] Bidrin Organophosphate: Dicrotophos toxicity duration is about one week. [34] highly toxic Dichlorvos [35] DDVP, Vapona Organophosphate
Clothianidin is authorized for spray, dust, soil drench (for uptake via plant roots), injectable liquid (into tree limbs and trunks, sugar cane stalks etc.), and seed treatment uses, in which clothianidin coats seeds that take up the pesticide via the roots as the plant grows. The chemical may be used to protect plants against a wide variety of ...
Imidacloprid can be added to the water used to irrigate plants. Controlled-release formulations of imidacloprid take 2–10 days to release 50% of imidacloprid in water. [ 36 ] It is applied against soil pests, seed, timber, and animal pests as well as foliar treatments.
Trunk injection or endotherapy also known as vegetative endotherapy, [1] [2] [3] is a method of target-precise application of pesticides, [4] [5] [6] plant resistance activators, [7] or fertilizers [8] into the xylem vascular tissue of a tree with the purpose of protecting the tree from pests, or to inject nutrients to correct for nutrient deficiencies.
Thiamethoxam was developed by Ciba-Geigy (now Syngenta) in 1991 [9] and launched in 1998; [10] a patent dispute arose with Bayer which already had patents covering other neonicotinoids including imidacloprid and clothianidin. In 2002 the dispute was settled, with Syngenta paying Bayer $120 million in exchange for worldwide rights to ...
D. Beneficial Insects:. Based upon the results of core bee toxicity tests, it is predicted that thiacloprid will not adversely affect bees. In addition, thiacloprid toxicity is unlike other neonicotinoid insecticides (i.e.: imidacloprid, and clothianidin) which have demonstrated very high to high acute toxicity to bees. (p. 10)
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