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2. In-water surface cleaning - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-water_surface_cleaning

   In-water cleaning, also known as in-water surface cleaning, is a collection of methods for removing unwanted material in-situ from the underwater surface of a structure.. This often refers to removing marine fouling growth from ship hulls, but also has applications on civil engineering structures, pipeline intakes and similar components which are impossible or inconvenient to remove from the ...

3. Anti-fouling paint - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-fouling_paint

   New ship being prepared for launch, showing fresh anti-fouling paint Ship hull being cleaned of fouling in drydock. Anti-fouling paint is a specialized category of coatings applied as the outer (outboard) layer to the hull of a ship or boat, to slow the growth of and facilitate detachment of subaquatic organisms that attach to the hull and can affect a vessel's performance and durability.

4. Cathodic protection - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathodic_protection

   The negative cable from the power supply is simply attached to the hull to complete the circuit. Ship ICCP anodes are flush-mounted, minimizing the effects of drag on the ship, and located a minimum 5 ft below the light load line [26] in an area to avoid mechanical damage. The current density required for protection is a function of velocity ...

5. Biofouling - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofouling

   Anti-fouling is the ability of specifically designed materials (such as toxic biocide paints, or non-toxic paints) [1] to remove or prevent biofouling. [2] The buildup of biofouling on marine vessels poses a significant problem. In some instances, the hull structure and propulsion systems can be damaged. [3]

6. Concrete degradation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_degradation

   The strong acidification of the medium caused by pyrite oxidation releases bicarbonate ions (HCO − 3) or carbon dioxide (CO 2) along with calcium (Ca 2+) and sulfate ions (SO 2− 4). Full pyrite oxidation can be schematized as: 2 FeS 2 + 7.5 O 2 + 4 H 2 O → Fe 2 O 3 + 4 H 2 SO 4. The sulfuric acid released by pyrite oxidation then reacts ...

7. Careening - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Careening

   An Old Whaler Hove Down For Repairs, Near New Bedford, a wood engraving drawn by F. S. Cozzens and published in Harper's Weekly, December 1882. Careening (also known as "heaving down") is a method of gaining access to the hull of a sailing vessel without the use of a dry dock.

8. Cured-in-place pipe - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cured-in-place_pipe

   As the resin cures, a tight-fitting, jointless and corrosion-resistant replacement pipe is formed. Service laterals, where present, can be reconnected from within the newly-formed larger-diameter pipe, by cutting replacement openings using robotically controlled cutting devices, then sealed using specially-designed CIPP materials referred to as ...

9. Galvanic anode - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanic_anode

   In brief, corrosion is a chemical reaction occurring by an electrochemical mechanism (a redox reaction). [1] During corrosion of iron or steel there are two reactions, oxidation (equation 1), where electrons leave the metal (and the metal dissolves, i.e. actual loss of metal results) and reduction, where the electrons are used to convert oxygen and water to hydroxide ions (equation 2): [2]