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Epicentral distance refers to the ground distance from the epicenter to a specified point. [1] Generally, the smaller the epicentral distance of an earthquake of the same scale, the heavier the damage caused by the earthquake. On the contrary, with the increase of epicentral distance, the damage caused by the earthquake is gradually reduced. [2]
Travel-time curve is a graph showing the relationship between the distance from the epicenter to the observation point and the travel time. [2] [3] Travel-time curve is drawn when the vertical axis of the graph is the travel time and the horizontal axis is the epicenter distance of each observation point. [4] [5] [6]
By measuring the time difference on any seismograph and the distance on a travel-time graph on which the P wave and S wave have the same separation, geologists can calculate the distance to the quake's epicenter. This distance is called the epicentral distance, commonly measured in ° (degrees) and
The worst time for an earthquake to strike is the night because most of the population is indoors. The time when the consequences are less serious are the morning and evening hours, when farmers are out of doors and office and factory workers are commuting. The fluctuations in occupancy rate have been estimate to be about 35%. [36]
It generally diminishes with distance from the earthquake's epicenter, but it can be amplified in sedimentary basins and in certain kinds of unconsolidated soils. Intensity scales categorize intensity empirically, based on the effects reported by untrained observers, and are adapted for the effects that might be observed in a particular region ...
Earthquake nowcasting, suggested in 2016 [117] [118] is the estimate of the current dynamic state of a seismological system, based on natural time introduced in 2001. [119] It differs from forecasting which aims to estimate the probability of a future event [ 120 ] but it is also considered a potential base for forecasting.
The energy released by an earthquake is weakened the greater the distance from where it occurs, so while the New Jersey earthquake occurred at a depth of 5 kilometers, the shaking it produced ...
At the same time, sedimentary basins will often resonate, increasing the duration of shaking. This is why, in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake , the Marina district of San Francisco was one of the most damaged areas, though it was nearly 100 kilometres (60 mi) from the epicenter. [ 4 ]