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Male-gaze theory also proposes that the male gaze is a psychological "safety valve for homoerotic tensions" among heterosexual men; in genre cinema, the psychological projection of homosexual attraction is sublimated onto the women characters of the story, to distract the spectator of the film story from noticing that homoeroticism is innate to ...
The American cartoonist Alison Bechdel incorporated her friend's "test" into a strip in Dykes to Watch Out For.. The Bechdel test (/ ˈ b ɛ k d əl / BEK-dəl), [1] also known as the Bechdel-Wallace test, is a measure of the representation of women in film and other fiction.
The oppositional gaze is a term coined by bell hooks the 1992 essay The Oppositional Gaze: Black Female Spectators that refers to the power of looking. According to hooks, an oppositional gaze is a way that a Black person in a subordinate position communicates their status. hooks' essay is a work of feminist film theory that discusses the male gaze, Michel Foucault, and white feminism in film ...
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[21] [22] Yet voyeurism and the male gaze are psychological practices basic to the spectators' emotional experience of viewing mainstream, commercial cinema; [23] notably, the male gaze is fully presented, described, and explained, and contrasted with the female gaze, in the essay "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema" (1975), by Laura Mulvey. [24]
The term "female gaze" was created as a response to the proposed concept of the male gaze as coined by Laura Mulvey. In particular, it is a rebellion against the viewership censored to an only masculine lens and feminine desire regardless of the viewer's gender identity or sexual orientation. [ 13 ]
Jean-Louis Baudry (March 2, 1930 – October 3, 2015) was a French novelist, Tel Quel literary editor, and psychoanalytic film theorist.. He is best known for "Ideological Effects of the Basic Cinematographic Apparatus" (1970) [1] and "The Apparatus: Metapsychological Approaches to the Impression of Reality in Cinema" (1975), [2] two essays which pioneered apparatus theory, a combination of ...
Laura Mulvey (born 15 August 1941) [1] is a British feminist film theorist and filmmaker. She was educated at St Hilda's College, Oxford.She is currently professor of film and media studies at Birkbeck, University of London.