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The prefrontal cortex is also the part of the brain that determines the focus of a person's attention, [30] which enables a better framing that facilitates delayed gratification. [20] During adolescence and early adulthood, the prefrontal cortex develops and matures to become more complicated and connected with the rest of the brain. [6]
The Daily Assessment of Symptoms – Anxiety (DAS-A) questionnaire was specifically developed to detect reduction of anxiety symptoms in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) during the first week of treatment. [1] It is also meant to help those suffering from certain symptoms identify and recognize that they are experiencing anxiety.
The means and standard deviations for each scale are 6.34 and 6.97 for depression, 4.7 and 4.91 for anxiety, and 10.11 and 7.91 for stress, respectively. The mean scores in the normative sample did vary slightly between genders as well as varying by age, though the threshold scores for classifications do not change by these variations. [ 1 ]
The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) – The PSS is a widely used subjective tool for measuring stress levels. [53] It consists of 10 questions, and asks participants to rate, on a five-point scale, how stressed they felt after a certain event. All 10 questions are summed to obtain a total score from 0 to 40. [54]
An example statement for this criterion is "I think it is important to have new experiences that challenge how you think about yourself and the world". [ 1 ] Positive Relations with Others: High scores reflect the respondent's engagement in meaningful relationships with others that include reciprocal empathy, intimacy, and affection.
Each scale asks twenty questions each and are rated on a 4-point scale. [10] Low scores indicate a mild form of anxiety and high scores indicate a severe form of anxiety. Both scales have anxiety absent and anxiety present questions. Anxiety absent questions represent the absence of anxiety in a statement like, “I feel secure.”
Anxiety is an emotion characterised by an unpleasant state of inner turmoil and includes feelings of dread over anticipated events. [1] [2] [3] Anxiety is different from fear in that fear is defined as the emotional response to a present threat, whereas anxiety is the anticipation of a future one. [4]
A number of researchers have explored HADS data to establish the cut-off points for caseness of anxiety or depression. Bjelland et al (2002) [3] through a literature review of a large number of studies identified a cut-off point of 8/21 for anxiety or depression. For anxiety (HADS-A) this gave a specificity of 0.78 and a sensitivity of 0.9.